Insights into Formation and Structure of Aβ Oligomers Cross-Linked via Tyrosines.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is hypothesized to be triggered by amyloid β-protein (Aβ) assembly into oligomers. Oligomer size distributions of both predominant Aβ alloforms, Aβ and Aβ, can be determined in vitro using cross-linking followed by gel electrophoresis. Cross-linking, which can occur in vivo in the presence of copper and hydrogen peroxide, was recently shown to stabilize Aβ oligomers by inhibiting their conversion into fibrils. Whereas several studies showed that cross-linking is facilitated by dityrosine bond formation, the molecular-level mechanism of cross-linking remains unclear. Here, we use efficient discrete molecular dynamics with DMD4B-HYDRA force field to examine the effect of cross-linking via tyrosines on Aβ oligomer formation. Our results show that cross-linking via tyrosines promotes Aβ self-assembly, in particular that of Aβ, but does not account for cross-linked oligomers larger than Aβ trimers and Aβ tetramers. Cross-linking via tyrosines profoundly alters Aβ and Aβ oligomer conformations by increasing the solvent exposure of hydrophobic residues, resulting in elongated oligomeric morphologies that differ from globular structures of noncross-linked oligomers. When compared to available experimental data, our findings imply that amino acids other than tyrosines are involved in Aβ cross-linking, a proposition that is currently under investigation.