Functional Interaction between the N and C Termini of NhaD Antiporters from Halomonas sp. Strain Y2.

Two NhaD-type antiporters, NhaD1 and NhaD2, from the halotolerant and alkaliphilic sp. strain Y2, exhibit different physiological functions in regard to Na and Li resistance, although they share high sequence identity. In the present study, the truncation of an additional 4 C-terminal residues from NhaD2 or an exchange of 39 N-terminal residues between these proteins resulted in the complete loss of antiporter activity. Interestingly, combining 39 N-terminal residues and 7 C-terminal residues of NhaD2 (N39D2-C7) partially recovered the activity for Na and Li expulsion, as well as complementary growth following exposure to 300 mM Na and 100 mM Li stress. The recovered activity of chimera N39D2-C7 indicated that the N and C termini are structurally dependent on each other and function synergistically. Furthermore, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis suggested that the N and C termini are relatively close in proximity which may account for their synergistic function in ion translocation. In the N-terminal region of N39D2-C7, the replacement of Glu with Pro abolished the recovered complementary and transport activities. In addition, this amino acid substitution in NhaD2 resulted in a drastically decreased complementation ability in KNabc (level identical to that of NhaD1), as well as decreased activity and an altered pH profile. Limited information on NhaD antiporters supports speculation that these antiporters are important for resistance to high salinity and alkalinity. Moreover, only a few functional residues have been identified in NhaD antiporters, and there is limited literature on the molecular mechanisms of NhaD antiporter activity. The altered antiporter abilities of chimeras and mutants in this study implicate the functions of the N and C termini, especially Glu, in pH regulation and ion translocation, and, most importantly, the essential roles of this negatively charged residue in maintaining the physiological function of NhaD2. These findings further our understanding of the molecular mechanism of NhaD antiporters for ion transport.