Zhou Ying, Yang Zhenming, Gao Lingling, Liu Wen, Liu Rongkun, Zhao Junting, You Jiangfeng
Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
J Ginseng Res. 2017 Jul;41(3):307-315. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.06.001. Epub 2016 Jun 25.
Red-skin root disease has seriously decreased the quality and production of (ginseng).
To explore the disease's origin, comparative analysis was performed in different parts of the plant, particularly the epidermis, cortex, and/or fibrous roots of 5-yr-old healthy and diseased red-skin ginseng. The inorganic element composition, phenolic compound concentration, reactive oxidation system, antioxidant concentrations such as ascorbate and glutathione, activities of enzymes related to phenolic metabolism and oxidation, and antioxidative system particularly the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were examined using conventional methods.
Aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), magnesium, and phosphorus were increased, whereas manganese was unchanged and calcium was decreased in the epidermis and fibrous root of red-skin ginseng, which also contained higher levels of phenolic compounds, higher activities of the phenolic compound-synthesizing enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the phenolic compound oxidation-related enzymes guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. As the substrate of guaiacol peroxidase, higher levels of HO and correspondingly higher activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were found in red-skin ginseng. Increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione; increased activities of l-galactose 1-dehydrogenase, ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, and glutathione reductase; and lower activities of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were found in red-skin ginseng. Glutathione--transferase activity remained constant.
Hence, higher element accumulation, particularly Al and Fe, activated multiple enzymes related to accumulation of phenolic compounds and their oxidation. This might contribute to red-skin symptoms in ginseng. It is proposed that antioxidant and antioxidative enzymes, especially those involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycles, are activated to protect against phenolic compound oxidation.
红皮病已严重降低了人参的品质和产量。
为探究该病的病因，对5年生健康和患病红皮人参的不同部位，尤其是表皮、皮层和/或须根进行了比较分析。采用常规方法检测了无机元素组成、酚类化合物浓度、活性氧化系统、抗氧化剂浓度（如抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽）、与酚类代谢和氧化相关的酶活性以及抗氧化系统，特别是抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环。
红皮人参的表皮和须根中铝（Al）、铁（Fe）、镁和磷含量增加，而锰含量不变，钙含量降低，同时酚类化合物含量较高，酚类化合物合成酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶以及与酚类化合物氧化相关的酶愈创木酚过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性较高。作为愈创木酚过氧化物酶的底物，红皮人参中过氧化氢（HO）含量较高，相应地超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性也较高。红皮人参中抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽水平升高；L-半乳糖1-脱氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性增加；而脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性降低。谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性保持不变。
因此，较高的元素积累，尤其是铝和铁，激活了多种与酚类化合物积累及其氧化相关的酶。这可能导致人参出现红皮症状。有人提出，抗氧化剂和抗氧化酶，尤其是参与抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的那些酶被激活，以防止酚类化合物氧化。
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