Regional variation in undulatory kinematics of two hammerhead species: the bonnethead () and the scalloped hammerhead ().

Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae) exhibit a large amount of morphological variation within the family, making them the focus of many studies. The size of the laterally expanded head, or cephalofoil, is inversely correlated with pectoral fin area. The inverse relationship between cephalofoil and pectoral fin size in this family suggests that they might serve a complementary role in lift generation. The cephalofoil is also hypothesized to increase olfaction, electroreception and vision; however, little is known about how morphological variation impacts post-cranial swimming kinematics. Previous studies demonstrate that the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead have significantly different yaw amplitude, and we hypothesized that these species utilize varied frequency and amplitude of undulation along the body. We analyzed video of free-swimming sharks to examine kinematics and 2D morphological variables of the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead. We also examined the second moment of area along the length of the body and over a size range of animals to determine whether there were shape differences along the body of these species and whether those changed over ontogeny. We found that both species swim with the same standardized velocity and Strouhal number, but there was no correlation between two-dimensional morphology and swimming kinematics. However, the bonnethead has a dorso-ventrally compressed anterior trunk and undulates with greater amplitude, whereas the scalloped hammerhead has a laterally compressed anterior trunk and undulates with lower amplitude. We propose that differences in cross-sectional trunk morphology account for interspecific differences in undulatory amplitude. We also found that for both species, undulatory frequency is significantly greater in the anterior body compared with all other body regions. We hypothesize that the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead swim with a double oscillation system.