Ruxolitinib treatment in an infant with JAK2+ polycythaemia vera-associated Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is caused by hepatic venous outflow obstruction commonly seen with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Polycythaemia vera (PV) is a very rare MPN in childhood. This is the youngest reported patient diagnosed with PV and BCS secondary to mutation.A 26-month-old girl was admitted with a 5-month history of abdominal distension, hepatosplenomegaly and ascites. Imaging studies revealed occlusion of the right hepatic vein and marked attenuation of the middle and left hepatic veins. BCS was diagnosed after excluding other causes of chronic liver disease. Mandatory prothrombotic workup revealed underlying PV.Partial recanalisation of hepatic veins occurred following anticoagulation therapy and PV was well controlled by pegylated interferon and hydroxycarbamide until she developed nephrotic syndrome, likely secondary to pegylated interferon. Therefore, treatment was modified to ruxolitinib, a novel-JAK-2 inhibitor; the therapy has been effective for almost 20 months with a good response and has no side effects.