Rosas Antonio, Ferrando Anabel, Bastir Markus, García-Tabernero Antonio, Estalrrich Almudena, Huguet Rosa, García-Martínez Daniel, Pastor Juan Francisco, de la Rasilla Marco
Group of Paleoanthropology MNCN-CSIC, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt A. M, D-60325, Germany.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2017 Oct;164(2):394-415. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23280. Epub 2017 Jul 17.
The El Sidrón tali sample is assessed in an evolutionary framework. We aim to explore the relationship between Neandertal talus morphology and body size/shape. We test the hypothesis 1: talar Neandertal traits are influenced by body size, and the hypothesis 2: shape variables independent of body size correspond to inherited primitive features.
We quantify 35 landmarks through 3D geometric morphometrics techniques to describe H. neanderthalensis-H. sapiens shape variation, by Mean Shape Comparisons, Principal Component, Phenetic Clusters, Minimum spanning tree analyses and partial least square and regression of talus shape on body variables. Shape variation correlated to body size is compared to Neandertals-Modern Humans (MH) evolutionary shape variation. The Neandertal sample is compared to early hominins.
Neandertal talus presents trochlear hypertrophy, a larger equality of trochlear rims, a shorter neck, a more expanded head, curvature and an anterior location of the medial malleolar facet, an expanded and projected lateral malleolar facet and laterally expanded posterior calcaneal facet compared to MH.
The Neandertal talocrural joint morphology is influenced by body size. The other Neandertal talus traits do not co-vary with it or not follow the same co-variation pattern as MH. Besides, the trochlear hypertrophy, the trochlear rims equality and the short neck could be inherited primitive features; the medial malleolar facet morphology could be an inherited primitive feature or a secondarily primitive trait; and the calcaneal posterior facet would be an autapomorphic feature of the Neandertal lineage.
在进化框架下评估埃尔西多龙距骨样本。我们旨在探讨尼安德特人距骨形态与身体大小/形状之间的关系。我们检验假设1：距骨的尼安德特人特征受身体大小影响，以及假设2：独立于身体大小的形状变量对应于遗传的原始特征。
我们通过三维几何形态计量学技术量化35个地标点，以描述尼安德特人 - 智人的形状变异，采用平均形状比较、主成分分析、表型聚类、最小生成树分析以及距骨形状与身体变量的偏最小二乘法和回归分析。将与身体大小相关的形状变异与尼安德特人 - 现代人类（MH）的进化形状变异进行比较。将尼安德特人样本与早期人类进行比较。
与MH相比，尼安德特人距骨呈现滑车肥大、滑车边缘更均等、颈部更短、头部更宽大、弯曲以及内踝小面的前部位置、外侧踝小面扩展并突出以及跟骨后小面外侧扩展。
尼安德特人踝关节形态受身体大小影响。其他尼安德特人距骨特征与其不共变或不遵循与MH相同的共变模式。此外，滑车肥大、滑车边缘均等和短颈可能是遗传的原始特征；内踝小面形态可能是遗传的原始特征或次生原始性状；跟骨后小面将是尼安德特人谱系的自近裔性状。
