Cerdà A, Keesstra S D, Rodrigo-Comino J, Novara A, Pereira P, Brevik E, Giménez-Morera A, Fernández-Raga M, Pulido M, di Prima S, Jordán A
Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, Valencia University, Blasco Ibàñez, 28, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2017 Nov 1;202(Pt 1):268-275. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.036.
Rainfall-induced soil erosion is a major threat, especially in agricultural soils. In the Mediterranean belt, vineyards are affected by high soil loss rates, leading to land degradation. Plantation of new vines is carried out after deep ploughing, use of heavy machinery, wheel traffic, and trampling. Those works result in soil physical properties changes and contribute to enhanced runoff rates and increased soil erosion rates. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of the plantation of vineyards on soil hydrological and erosional response under low frequency - high magnitude rainfall events, the ones that under the Mediterranean climatic conditions trigger extreme soil erosion rates. We determined time to ponding, Tp; time to runoff, Tr; time to runoff outlet, Tro; runoff rate, and soil loss under simulated rainfall (55 mm h, 1 h) at plot scale (0.25 m) to characterize the runoff initiation and sediment detachment. In recent vine plantations (<1 year since plantation; R) compared to old ones (>50 years; O). Slope gradient, rock fragment cover, soil surface roughness, bulk density, soil organic matter content, soil water content and plant cover were determined. Plantation of new vineyards largely impacted runoff rates and soil erosion risk at plot scale in the short term. Tp, Tr and Tro were much shorter in R plots. Tr-Tp and Tro-Tr periods were used as connectivity indexes of water flow, and decreased to 77.5 and 33.2% in R plots compared to O plots. Runoff coefficients increased significantly from O (42.94%) to R plots (71.92%) and soil losses were approximately one order of magnitude lower (1.8 and 12.6 Mg ha h for O and R plots respectively). Soil surface roughness and bulk density are two key factors that determine the increase in connectivity of flows and sediments in recently planted vineyards. Our results confirm that plantation of new vineyards strongly contributes to runoff initiation and sediment detachment, and those findings confirms that soil erosion control strategies should be applied immediately after or during the plantation of vines.
降雨引发的土壤侵蚀是一个重大威胁，在农业土壤中尤为如此。在地中海地区，葡萄园受到高土壤流失率的影响，导致土地退化。新葡萄园的种植是在深耕、使用重型机械、车轮碾压和践踏之后进行的。这些作业导致土壤物理性质发生变化，并促使径流率增加和土壤侵蚀率上升。本文的目的是评估葡萄园种植对低频 - 高强度降雨事件下土壤水文和侵蚀响应的影响，这类降雨事件在地中海气候条件下会引发极高的土壤侵蚀率。我们在小区尺度（0.25平方米）下，通过模拟降雨（55毫米/小时，1小时）测定了积水时间（Tp）、径流时间（Tr）、径流出口时间（Tro）、径流率和土壤流失量，以表征径流起始和泥沙分离情况。将新葡萄园（种植后<1年；R）与老葡萄园（>50年；O）进行比较。测定了坡度、岩石碎片覆盖率、土壤表面粗糙度、容重、土壤有机质含量、土壤含水量和植被覆盖度。新葡萄园的种植在短期内对小区尺度的径流率和土壤侵蚀风险有很大影响。R小区的Tp、Tr和Tro要短得多。Tr - Tp和Tro - Tr时段被用作水流连通性指标，与O小区相比，R小区分别降至77.5%和33.2%。径流系数从O小区（42.94%）显著增加到R小区（71.92%），土壤流失量大约低一个数量级（O小区和R小区分别为1.8和12.6 公吨/公顷·小时）。土壤表面粗糙度和容重是决定新种植葡萄园水流和泥沙连通性增加的两个关键因素。我们的结果证实，新葡萄园的种植对径流起始和泥沙分离有很大作用，这些发现证实应在葡萄种植后或种植期间立即应用土壤侵蚀控制策略。
