3-Hydroxykynurenine, a Tryptophan Metabolite Generated during the Infection, Is Active Against .

The antiparasitic activity of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), one of the major tryptophan catabolites of the kynurenine pathway, against both evolutive forms that are important for human infection, trypomastigotes (Tps) and amastigotes (Am), possible targets in the parasite and the drug toxicity to mammalian cells have been investigated. 3-HK showed a potent activity against Am with IC values in the micromolar concentration range, while the IC values to cause Tps death was ∼6000-times higher, indicating that the replicative form present in the vertebrate hosts is much more susceptible to 3-HK than bloodstream Tps. In addition, 3-HK showed activity against Tps and Am, at concentrations that did not exhibit toxicity to mammalian cells. Ultrastructural analysis and flow cytometry studies indicated that Am and Tps mitochondrion and nuclei contain 3-HK targets. The potency and selectivity of 3-HK, which is generated during infection in human and mice, suggest that 3-HK may be a suitable candidate for drug research and development for Chagas disease.