Significance of stable carbon and bromine isotopes in the source identification of PBDEs.

Typical brominated organic pollutants poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) might be characterized by their stable carbon and bromine isotopic compositions. Currently, there are no published reports concerning the two-dimensional isotopic (δC and δBr) values of PBDEs. To assess the significance of carbon and bromine isotopes in the source identification of PBDEs, EA-IRMS and off-line-IRMS methods were employed to measure the δC and δBr values of the typical PBDE congeners, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-47) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) from different suppliers. The results show that individual PBDE congeners (three BDE-47 samples and three BDE-209 samples) have unique δC and δBr values, possibly due to differences in the precursors and manufacturing processes, indicating that the isotope composition is a promising probe to determine the source of PBDEs in the environment. While it is worth noting that some challenges might exist during practical application of this method, such as the similar isotopic compositions of PBDEs from different source. Thus, source identification associated with isotopic signatures should be used cautiously. This study provides a basis for further research into the source identification of PBDEs in the environment by examining their isotopic characteristics.