Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China.
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China.
Chemosphere. 2017 Oct;185:1173-1180. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.091. Epub 2017 Jul 19.
Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are one of the most widely used pesticides and frequently detected in the aquatic environment. Previous studies have shown that SPs posed high aquatic toxicity, but information on the developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption on zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmentally relevant concentrations is limited. In this study, zebrafish embryos were employed to examine the adverse effects of λ-cyhalothrin (LCT), fenvalerate (FEN), and permethrin (PM) at 2.5, 10, 25, 125, 500 nM for 96 h. The results showed these 3 SPs caused dose-dependent mortality, malformation rate, and hatching rate. Thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T) levels were significantly decreased after exposure to LCT and FEN. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was then performed on a series of nuclear receptors (NRs) genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axes, and oxidative-stress-related system. Our results showed that LCT, FEN, and PM downregulated AR expression while upregulated ER1 expression, and caused alteration to ER2a and ER2b expression. As for the expression of TRα and TRβ, they were both decreased following exposure to the 3 SPs. LCT and PM downregulated the MR expression and FEN induced MR expression. In addition, the expression of GR was increased after treating with LCT, while it was suppressed after exposure to FEN and PM. The 3 SPs also caused various alterations to the expression of genes including AhRs, PPARα, and PXR. These findings suggest that these 3 SPs may cause developmental toxicity to zebrafish larvae by disrupting endocrine signaling at environmentally relevant concentrations.
合成拟除虫菊酯（SPs）是最广泛使用的杀虫剂之一，经常在水环境中检测到。先前的研究表明，SPs 对水生生物具有高毒性，但有关其在环境相关浓度下对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的发育毒性和内分泌干扰的信息有限。在这项研究中，使用斑马鱼胚胎来研究 λ-氯氰菊酯（LCT）、氰戊菊酯（FEN）和氯菊酯（PM）在 2.5、10、25、125、500 nM 浓度下 96 小时的不良影响。结果表明，这 3 种 SPs 引起了剂量依赖性的死亡率、畸形率和孵化率。暴露于 LCT 和 FEN 后，甲状腺激素三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T）水平显著降低。然后对一系列参与下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）、下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺（HPT）、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质（HPA）轴和氧化应激相关系统的核受体（NRs）基因进行了定量实时 PCR 分析。我们的结果表明，LCT、FEN 和 PM 下调了 AR 的表达，而上调了 ER1 的表达，并导致 ER2a 和 ER2b 的表达发生改变。至于 TRα 和 TRβ 的表达，它们都在接触这 3 种 SPs 后降低。LCT 和 PM 下调了 MR 的表达，而 FEN 诱导了 MR 的表达。此外，用 LCT 处理后 GR 的表达增加，而用 FEN 和 PM 处理后则受到抑制。这 3 种 SPs 还导致了 AhRs、PPARα 和 PXR 等基因的表达发生各种改变。这些发现表明，这 3 种 SPs 可能通过破坏环境相关浓度下的内分泌信号而对斑马鱼幼虫产生发育毒性。
