Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.
Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
Neuroimage. 2017 Dec;163:55-67. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.028. Epub 2017 Sep 18.
Brain development involves spatiotemporally complex microstructural changes. A number of neuropsychiatric disorders are linked to the neural processes of development and aging. Thus, it is important to understanding the typical developmental patterns of various brain structures, which will help to define critical periods of vulnerability for neural maturation, as well as anatomical mechanisms of brain structure-related neuropathology. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging to assess development of the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus in a non-human primate species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We collected a total of 114 T2-weighted and 91 diffusion-weighted scans from 23 animals from infancy to early adulthood. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of age-related brain growth patterns showed non-linear structural developmental changes in all measured brain regions, consistent with reported human data. Overall, robust volumetric growth was observed from 1 to 3 months of age (from infancy to the early juvenile period). This rapid brain growth was associated with the largest decrease in mean, axial, and radial diffusivities of diffusion tensor imaging in all brain regions, suggesting an increase in the number and size of cells, dendrites, and spines during this period. After this developmental period, the volume of various brain regions steadily increased until adolescence (7-13 months of age, depending on the region). Further, structural connectivity derived from tractography data in various brain regions continuously changed from infancy to adolescence, suggesting that the increase in brain volume was related to continued axonal myelination during adolescence. Thereafter, the volume of the cortical regions decreased considerably, while there was no change in subcortical regions. Familial factors, rather than sex, contributed the development of the front-limbic brain regions. Overall, this study provides further data on the factors and timing important for normal brain development, and suggest that the common marmoset is a useful animal model for human neural development.
大脑发育涉及时空复杂的微观结构变化。许多神经精神疾病都与发育和衰老的神经过程有关。因此，了解各种大脑结构的典型发育模式非常重要，这有助于定义神经成熟的脆弱关键期，以及与大脑结构相关的神经病理学的解剖机制。在这项研究中，我们使用磁共振成像评估了非人类灵长类动物，普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）的眶额皮质、扣带回皮质、杏仁核和海马体的发育情况。我们从 23 只动物中总共收集了 114 个 T2 加权和 91 个扩散加权扫描，涵盖了从婴儿期到成年早期的所有阶段。对年龄相关的大脑生长模式的定量和定性评估表明，所有测量的大脑区域都存在非线性的结构发育变化，这与报道的人类数据一致。总的来说，从 1 到 3 个月大（从婴儿期到早期青少年期）观察到了强大的体积生长。这种快速的大脑生长与所有大脑区域的平均、轴向和径向扩散张量成像值的最大降低有关，这表明在此期间细胞、树突和棘突的数量和大小都有所增加。在这个发育阶段之后，各个大脑区域的体积稳步增加，直到青春期（取决于区域，在 7-13 个月大时）。此外，来自各个大脑区域的轨迹数据的结构连通性从婴儿期到青春期持续变化，这表明大脑体积的增加与青春期期间持续的轴突髓鞘形成有关。此后，皮质区域的体积大大减少，而皮质下区域没有变化。家族因素，而不是性别，对前肢大脑区域的发育有影响。总的来说，这项研究提供了关于正常大脑发育的重要因素和时间的进一步数据，并表明普通狨猴是研究人类神经发育的有用动物模型。
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