Möhl Britta S, Chen Jia, Park Seo Jin, Jardetzky Theodore S, Longnecker Richard
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
J Virol. 2017 Nov 14;91(23). doi: 10.1128/JVI.01255-17. Print 2017 Dec 1.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry into epithelial cells is mediated by the conserved core fusion machinery, composed of the fusogen gB and the receptor-binding complex gH/gL. The heterodimeric gH/gL complex binds to the EBV epithelial cell receptor or gp42, which binds to the B-cell receptor, triggering gB-mediated fusion of the virion envelope with cellular membranes. Our previous study found that the gL glycosylation mutant N69L/S71V had an epithelial cell-specific hyperfusogenic phenotype. To study the influence of this gL mutant on the initiation and kinetics of gB-driven epithelial cell fusion, we established a virus-free split-green fluorescent protein cell-cell fusion assay that enables real-time measurements of membrane fusion using live cells. The gL_N69L/S71V mutant had a large increase in epithelial cell fusion activity of up to 300% greater than that of wild-type gL starting at early time points. The hyperfusogenicity of the gL mutant was not a result of alterations in complex formation with gH or alterations in cellular localization. Moreover, the hyperfusogenic phenotype of the gL mutant correlated with the formation of enlarged syncytia. In summary, our present findings highlight an important role of gL in the kinetics of gB-mediated epithelial cell fusion, adding to previous findings indicating a direct interaction between gL and gB in EBV membrane fusion. EBV predominantly infects epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, which are the cells of origin for the EBV-associated malignancies Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Contrary to the other key players of the core fusion machinery, gL has the most elusive role during EBV-induced membrane fusion. We found that the glycosylation site N69/S71 of gL is involved in restricting epithelial cell fusion activity, strongly correlating with syncytium size. Interestingly, our data showed that the gL glycosylation mutant increases the fusion activity of the hyperfusogenic gB mutants, indicating that this gL mutant and the gB mutants target different steps during fusion. Our studies on how gL and gB work together to modulate epithelial cell fusion kinetics are essential to understand the highly tuned tropism of EBV for epithelial cells and B lymphocytes and may result in novel strategies for therapies preventing viral entry into target host cells. Finally, making our results of particular interest is the absence of gL syncytial mutants in other herpesviruses.
爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(EBV)进入上皮细胞是由保守的核心融合机制介导的,该机制由融合蛋白gB和受体结合复合物gH/gL组成。异二聚体gH/gL复合物与EBV上皮细胞受体或gp42结合,gp42又与B细胞受体结合,从而触发gB介导的病毒体包膜与细胞膜的融合。我们之前的研究发现,gL糖基化突变体N69L/S71V具有上皮细胞特异性的高融合表型。为了研究这种gL突变体对gB驱动的上皮细胞融合起始和动力学的影响,我们建立了一种无病毒的分裂绿色荧光蛋白细胞-细胞融合测定法,该方法能够使用活细胞实时测量膜融合。从早期时间点开始,gL_N69L/S71V突变体的上皮细胞融合活性大幅增加,比野生型gL高出多达300%。gL突变体的高融合性不是与gH形成复合物发生改变或细胞定位改变的结果。此外,gL突变体的高融合表型与扩大的多核巨细胞的形成相关。总之,我们目前的研究结果突出了gL在gB介导的上皮细胞融合动力学中的重要作用,补充了之前表明gL与gB在EBV膜融合中存在直接相互作用的研究结果。EBV主要感染上皮细胞和B淋巴细胞,它们是EBV相关恶性肿瘤霍奇金淋巴瘤、伯基特淋巴瘤以及鼻咽癌的起源细胞。与核心融合机制的其他关键成分不同,gL在EBV诱导的膜融合过程中作用最难以捉摸。我们发现gL的糖基化位点N69/S71参与限制上皮细胞融合活性,与多核巨细胞大小密切相关。有趣的是,我们的数据表明gL糖基化突变体增加了高融合性gB突变体的融合活性,这表明该gL突变体和gB突变体在融合过程中针对不同步骤。我们关于gL和gB如何共同调节上皮细胞融合动力学的研究对于理解EBV对上皮细胞和B淋巴细胞的高度特异性嗜性至关重要,并且可能产生预防病毒进入靶宿主细胞的新治疗策略。最后,特别引起我们兴趣的是其他疱疹病毒中不存在gL多核巨细胞突变体。