BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is an emerging medical technology in which non-thermal laser irradiation is applied to treat pain. Because LLLT has been found effective in treating various pain syndromes without known side effects, we conducted a study evaluating the effect of LLLT on provoked vestibulodynia (PVD), a complex sexual pain disorder characterized by pain confined to the vulvar vestibule in response to contact or pressure. AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of LLLT for PVD in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. METHODS: Patients with PVD were randomly assigned to receive treatment with LLLT or sham treatment. Patients were treated twice weekly for 6 weeks, for a total of 12 LLLT or placebo sessions. Patients who showed improvement after LLLT were followed for 1 year by clinical pain report and Q-tip examination. OUTCOMES: Change in pain scores obtained in response to the Q-tip test, clinical pain report, visual analog scale score, pain with tampon insertion, daily pain intensity, intercourse pain intensity, frequency of intercourse, and a battery of quality-of-life measures. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients with PVD participated, 18 received LLLT and 16 received placebo. In the clinical pain report at study completion, 14 of 18 patients (78%) receiving LLLT reported improvement compared with 7 of 16 (44%) in the placebo group (P = .042). This effect was not apparent in other outcome measurements. None of the patients reported side effects during the study. At 1-year follow-up, eight patients (57%) reported lasting improvement. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Larger studies with various treatment protocols are needed to define which patients can benefit from LLLT therapy. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: Strengths include a placebo-controlled, double-blinded design, measurement of a large number of multidimensional end points, and a follow-up period of 1 year. Limitations include the small number of patients recruited, no improvement in measurable parameters, a high improvement rate in the placebo group, the absence of use of validated questionnaires, and the lack of evaluation of psychological and interpersonal factors that might have influenced the results. CONCLUSIONS: Given the results of this pilot study, LLLT cannot currently be recommended as a treatment for PVD. Further studies with a larger population, various treatment protocols, and evaluation of LLLT in different subgroups of PVD are needed to define which patients can benefit from this therapy. Lev-Sagie A, Kopitman A, Brzezinski A. Low-Level Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Provoked Vestibulodynia-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. J Sex Med 2017;14:1403-1411.