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上游营养结构通过资源补贴调节下游群落动态。

Upstream trophic structure modulates downstream community dynamics via resource subsidies.

作者信息

Harvey Eric, Gounand Isabelle, Little Chelsea J, Fronhofer Emanuel A, Altermatt Florian

机构信息

Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland.

Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland.

出版信息

Ecol Evol. 2017 Jun 15;7(15):5724-5731. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3144. eCollection 2017 Aug.

Abstract

In many natural systems, the physical structure of the landscape dictates the flow of resources. Despite mounting evidence that communities' dynamics can be indirectly coupled by reciprocal among ecosystem resource flows, our understanding of how directional resource flows might indirectly link biological communities is limited. We here propose that differences in community structure upstream should lead to different downstream dynamics, even in the absence of dispersal of organisms. We report an experimental test of the effect of upstream community structure on downstream community dynamics in a simplified but highly controlled setting, using protist microcosms. We implemented directional flows of resources, without dispersal, from a standard resource pool into upstream communities of contrasting interaction structure and then to further downstream communities of either one or two trophic levels. Our results demonstrate that different types of species interactions in upstream habitats may lead to different population sizes and levels of biomass in these upstream habitats. This, in turn, leads to varying levels of detritus transfer (dead biomass) to the downstream communities, thus influencing their population densities and trophic interactions in predictable ways. Our results suggest that the structure of species interactions in directionally structured ecosystems can be a key mediator of alterations to downstream habitats. Alterations to upstream habitats can thus cascade down to downstream communities, even without dispersal.

摘要

在许多自然系统中,景观的物理结构决定了资源的流动。尽管越来越多的证据表明,生态系统资源流之间的相互作用可以间接耦合群落动态,但我们对定向资源流如何间接联系生物群落的理解仍然有限。我们在此提出,即使在没有生物扩散的情况下,上游群落结构的差异也应导致不同的下游动态。我们报告了一项在简化但高度可控的环境中,使用原生生物微观世界对上游群落结构对下游群落动态影响的实验测试。我们实现了资源的定向流动,且无扩散,从一个标准资源库流入具有不同相互作用结构的上游群落,然后再流入一或两个营养级的下游群落。我们的结果表明,上游栖息地中不同类型的物种相互作用可能导致这些上游栖息地中不同的种群规模和生物量水平。反过来,这又导致向下游群落转移的碎屑(死亡生物量)水平不同,从而以可预测的方式影响它们的种群密度和营养相互作用。我们的结果表明,定向结构生态系统中物种相互作用的结构可能是下游栖息地变化的关键调节因素。因此,即使没有扩散,上游栖息地的变化也可能级联到下游群落。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/daf0/5655794/473e7c1ebfd9/ECE3-7-5724-g001.jpg

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