Viral Vectors, Engineered Cells and the CRISPR Revolution.

Over the past few decades the ability to edit human cells has revolutionized modern biology and medicine. With advances in genome editing methodologies, gene delivery and cell-based therapeutics targeted at treatment of genetic disease have become a reality that will become more and more essential in clinical practice. Modifying specific mutations in eukaryotic cells using CRISPR-Cas systems derived from prokaryotic immune systems has allowed for precision in correcting various disease mutations. Furthermore, delivery of genetic payloads by employing viral tropism has become a crucial and effective mechanism for delivering genes and gene editing systems into cells. Lastly, cells modified ex vivo have tremendous potential and have shown effective in studying and treating a myriad of diseases. This chapter seeks to highlight and review important progress in the realm of the editing of human cells using CRISPR-Cas systems, the use of viruses as vectors for gene therapy, and the application of engineered cells to study and treat disease.