Cytotoxic (salen)ruthenium(iii) anticancer complexes exhibit different modes of cell death directed by axial ligands.

Two novel series of (salen)ruthenium(iii) complexes bearing guanidine and amidine axial ligands were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for anticancer activity. cytotoxicity tests demonstrate that these complexes are cytotoxic against various cancer cell lines and the leading complexes have remarkable cancer-cell selectivity. A detailed study of the guanidine complex and the amidine complex reveals two distinguished modes of action. Complex weakly binds to DNA and induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and typical apoptosis pathways in MCF-7 cells. In contrast, complex induces paraptosis-like cell death hallmarked by massive vacuole formation, mitochondrial swelling, and ER stress, resulting in significant cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cells. Our results provide an extraordinary example of tuning the mechanism of action of (salen)ruthenium(iii) anticancer complexes by modifying the structure of the axial ligands.