Pelvic inflammatory disease: a review with emphasis on antimicrobial therapy.

Pelvic inflammatory disease accounts for 5%-20% of hospital admissions for gynecologic problems and is associated with health care costs of more than 1 billion dollars annually. This article reviews the epidemiology, polymicrobial etiology, and diagnosis of this disease state. Special consideration is given to in vivo and in vitro studies of antimicrobial therapy, including both established regimens and expanded-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics. The adjunctive modalities reviewed include treatment of sexual contacts, removal of intrauterine devices, use of alternative contraceptive methods associated with a reduced risk of disease, and surgery. Although understanding of pelvic inflammatory disease has increased markedly, investigation of its various aspects is both necessary and ongoing. In particular, well-designed, controlled, comparative clinical trials of new treatment regimens must be performed to verify a true advantage of these therapies.