Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 465 TODD Building, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
AAPS J. 2018 Feb 9;20(2):29. doi: 10.1208/s12248-018-0192-y.
Despite increased methamphetamine use worldwide, pharmacotherapies are not available to treat methamphetamine use disorder. The vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) is an important pharmacological target for discovery of treatments for methamphetamine use disorder. VMAT2 inhibition by the natural product, lobeline, reduced methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release, methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, and methamphetamine self-administration in rats. Compared to lobeline, lobelane exhibited improved affinity and selectivity for VMAT2 over nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Lobelane inhibited neurochemical and behavioral effects of methamphetamine, but tolerance developed to its behavioral efficacy in reducing methamphetamine self-administration, preventing further development. The lobelane analog, R-N-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-2,6-cis-di-(4-methoxyphenethyl)piperidine hydrochloride (GZ-793A), potently and selectively inhibited VMAT2 function and reduced neurochemical and behavioral effects of methamphetamine. However, GZ-793A exhibited potential to induce ventricular arrhythmias interacting with human-ether-a-go-go (hERG) channels. Herein, a new lead, R-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-phenylpropan-2-yl)propan-1-amine (GZ-11610), from the novel scaffold (N-alkyl(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)amine) was evaluated as a VMAT2 inhibitor and potential therapeutic for methamphetamine use disorder. GZ-11610 was 290-fold selective for VMAT2 over dopamine transporters, suggesting that it may lack abuse liability. GZ-11610 was 640- to 3500-fold selective for VMAT2 over serotonin transporters and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. GZ-11610 exhibited > 1000-fold selectivity for VMAT2 over hERG, representing a robust improvement relative to our previous VMAT2 inhibitors. GZ-11610 (3-30 mg/kg, s.c. or 56-300 mg/kg, oral) reduced methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity in methamphetamine-sensitized rats. Thus, GZ-11610 is a potent and selective inhibitor of VMAT2, may have low abuse liability and low cardiotoxicity, and after oral administration is effective and specific in inhibiting the locomotor stimulant effects of methamphetamine, suggesting further investigation as a potential therapeutic for methamphetamine use disorder.
尽管全世界使用冰毒的情况有所增加,但目前尚无治疗冰毒使用障碍的药物。囊泡单胺转运体 2(VMAT2)是发现治疗冰毒使用障碍的治疗方法的重要药理学靶点。天然产物洛贝林通过抑制 VMAT2,减少了冰毒引起的多巴胺释放、冰毒诱导的过度活跃以及大鼠的冰毒自我给药。与洛贝林相比,洛贝烷对 VMAT2 的亲和力和选择性均优于烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体。洛贝烷抑制了神经化学和行为学上的冰毒作用,但对其减少冰毒自我给药的行为疗效产生了耐受性,从而阻止了进一步的发展。洛贝烷类似物 R-N-(1,2-二羟基丙基)-2,6-顺-(4-甲氧基苯乙基)哌啶盐酸盐(GZ-793A),能够强有力且选择性地抑制 VMAT2 功能,并减少冰毒的神经化学和行为学作用。然而,GZ-793A 与人类 ether-a-go-go(hERG)通道相互作用,有引发室性心律失常的潜力。在此,一种新的先导化合物 R-3-(4-甲氧基苯基)-N-(1-苯基-2-丙基)丙-1-胺(GZ-11610)从新型支架(N-(1-甲基-2-苯乙基)烷基(1-甲基-2-苯乙基)胺)中被评估为 VMAT2 抑制剂和冰毒使用障碍的潜在治疗药物。GZ-11610 对 VMAT2 的选择性是多巴胺转运体的 290 倍,表明它可能缺乏滥用潜力。与 5-羟色胺转运体和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体相比,GZ-11610 对 VMAT2 的选择性分别为 640 倍和 3500 倍。与 hERG 相比,GZ-11610 对 VMAT2 的选择性超过 1000 倍,与我们之前的 VMAT2 抑制剂相比有了显著的提高。GZ-11610(3-30mg/kg,sc 或 56-300mg/kg,po)可减少已敏化的大鼠的冰毒诱导的过度活跃。因此,GZ-11610 是一种有效的、选择性的 VMAT2 抑制剂,可能具有较低的滥用潜力和较低的心脏毒性,经口服给药后可有效且特异性地抑制冰毒的运动兴奋剂作用,这表明其可能成为冰毒使用障碍的一种潜在治疗方法。