Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
J Periodontal Res. 2018 Jun;53(3):478-486. doi: 10.1111/jre.12536. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
Grape seed proanthocyanidine extract (GSPE) is a strong antioxidant derived from the grape seeds (Vitis vinifera, Terral J.F.) and has a polyphenolic structure with a wide range of biological activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of GSPE on alveolar bone loss and histopathological changes in rats with diabetes mellitus and ligature-induced periodontitis.
Forty rats were divided into 6 study groups. Control (C, 6 rats) group, periodontitis (P, 6 rats) group, diabetes (D, 6 rats) group, diabetes and periodontitis (D+P, 6 rats) group, diabetes, periodontitis and 100 mg/kg/day GSPE (GSPE-100, 8 rats), and diabetes, periodontitis and 200 mg/kg/day GSPE (GSPE-200, 8 rats) group. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Periodontitis was induced via ligation method. Silk ligatures were placed at the mandibular right first molars. GSPE was administered by oral gavage. After 30 days, all rats were killed. Alveolar bone loss was measured morphometrically via a stereomicroscope. For histopathological analyses, Alizarin red staining, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α immunohistochemistry were performed. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast cells and relative total inflammatory cells were also determined.
The highest alveolar bone loss was observed in the D+P group (P < .05). GSP-200 group decreased alveolar bone loss (P < .05). The D+P group had the highest osteoclast counts, but the difference was not significant compared to the P, GSPE-100 and GSPE-200 groups (P > .05). The inflammation in the D+P group was also higher than the other groups (P < .05). The osteoblast numbers increased in the GSPE-100 and GSPE-200 groups compared to the P and D+P groups (P < .05). MMP-8 and HIF-1α levels were highest in the D+P group and GSPE significantly decreased these levels (P < .05).
Within the limits of this animal study, it can be suggested that GSPE administration may decrease periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss via decreasing MMP-8 and HIF-1α levels and increase osteoblastic activity in diabetic rats with experimental periodontitis.
葡萄籽原花青素提取物（GSPE）是一种源自葡萄种子（Vitis vinifera，Terral J.F.）的强抗氧化剂，具有广泛的生物活性的多酚类结构。本研究旨在评估 GSPE 对糖尿病伴结扎诱导牙周炎大鼠牙槽骨丢失和组织病理学变化的影响。
将 40 只大鼠分为 6 个研究组。对照组（C，6 只大鼠）、牙周炎组（P，6 只大鼠）、糖尿病组（D，6 只大鼠）、糖尿病伴牙周炎组（D+P，6 只大鼠）、糖尿病、牙周炎和 100mg/kg/天 GSPE（GSPE-100，8 只大鼠）组和糖尿病、牙周炎和 200mg/kg/天 GSPE（GSPE-200，8 只大鼠）组。糖尿病通过单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（60mg/kg）诱导。牙周炎通过结扎法诱导。在下颌右侧第一磨牙处放置丝线结扎。GSPE 通过口服灌胃给药。30 天后，所有大鼠均被处死。通过体视显微镜测量牙槽骨丢失的形态计量学。进行茜素红染色和基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-8、血管内皮生长因子和缺氧诱导因子（HIF）-1α免疫组织化学分析。还测定了抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶阳性破骨细胞和相对总炎性细胞的数量。
D+P 组的牙槽骨丢失最严重（P<.05）。GSP-200 组减少了牙槽骨丢失（P<.05）。D+P 组的破骨细胞计数最高，但与 P、GSPE-100 和 GSPE-200 组相比差异无统计学意义（P>.05）。D+P 组的炎症也高于其他组（P<.05）。与 P 和 D+P 组相比，GSPE-100 和 GSPE-200 组的成骨细胞数量增加（P<.05）。D+P 组的 MMP-8 和 HIF-1α 水平最高，GSPE 显著降低了这些水平（P<.05）。
在本动物研究的范围内，可以认为 GSPE 给药可能通过降低 MMP-8 和 HIF-1α 水平并增加糖尿病伴实验性牙周炎大鼠的成骨细胞活性，从而减少牙周炎炎症和牙槽骨丢失。
