One year study of PM in Xinxiang city, North China: Seasonal characteristics, climate impact and source.

This study was conducted in order to explore the seasonal characteristics, climate impact and source of PM in Xinxiang, China. Daily PM samples were collected at urban site from January to December in 2015. Average PM concentration was 100.6 ± 65.8 μg m in Xinxiang, which was several times higher than China Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012). Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) constituted 70% of the total ionic concentrations. The average concentration of SO was 6.4 ± 12.0 μg m, which ranked the highest among the water-soluble ions analyzed. Seasonal variations of PM and its major chemical components were significant, most of them with high values in winter and the lowest values in summer, especially with heavier PM events (more than 200 μg/m) in December. SIA and OC on polluted days were 2.1-2.3 times higher than those of on clean days. It was estimated that Fe, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca and Sr were emitted from crustal sources and Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and V were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the EF values. Analysis using the tracer and PCA/MLR revealed that vehicle exhausts were the most important source of PM, which contributed 26.9% of PM over the whole study period. This study provides detailed composition data and first comprehensive analysis of PM in Xinxiang during a whole year.