Vogel Verena, Kollei Ines, Duka Theodora, Snagowski Jan, Brand Matthias, Müller Astrid, Loeber Sabine
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Markusplatz 3, Bamberg 96047, Germany.
Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
Behav Brain Res. 2018 Jul 16;347:8-16. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.009. Epub 2018 Mar 6.
At present, there is a considerable lack of human studies that investigated the impact of conditioned cues on instrumental responding although these processes are considered as core mechanisms contributing to the development and maintenance of addictive behaviours. No studies are available that assessed these processes with regard to Internet gaming or Internet shopping applications. We thus developed a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT)-Paradigm implementing appetitive stimuli related to Internet gaming and Internet shopping applications and investigated whether an outcome-specific PIT-Effect is observed. In addition, we assessed whether the problematic use of gaming or shopping applications, personality traits and stress would affect the acquisition of knowledge of the experimental contingencies during Pavlovian training and the impact of conditioned stimuli on instrumental responding. A PIT-Paradigm, screenings for Internet gaming disorder and Internet shopping disorder (s-IAT), and questionnaires on personality traits (NEO-FFI, BIS-15) and perceived stress (PSQ20) were administered to sixty-six participants. The PIT-Paradigm demonstrated the effects of stimuli conditioned to rewards related to Internet gaming and Internet shopping applications on instrumental responding to obtain such rewards. Findings also indicated that severity of problematic Internet gaming, but not Internet shopping, contributed to the acquisition of knowledge of the experimental contingencies. Stress, extraversion, neuroticism and gender emerged as further predictors. The strength of expectancy of the different reinforcers affected the 'gaming PIT'-Effect; however, none of the variables assessed in the present study showed any effect on the 'shopping PIT'-Effect. Future studies including participants with pathological use patterns that can be classified as internet use disorder are warranted to extend these findings.
目前，虽然这些过程被认为是导致成瘾行为发展和维持的核心机制，但对条件线索对工具性反应影响的人体研究相当匮乏。尚无研究评估互联网游戏或网上购物应用方面的这些过程。因此，我们开发了一种巴甫洛夫式到工具性转换（PIT）范式，采用与互联网游戏和网上购物应用相关的奖赏性刺激，并研究是否能观察到特定结果的PIT效应。此外，我们评估了游戏或购物应用的问题性使用、人格特质和压力是否会影响巴甫洛夫训练期间对实验偶然性的知识习得，以及条件刺激对工具性反应的影响。我们对66名参与者进行了PIT范式、互联网游戏障碍和网上购物障碍筛查（s-IAT），以及关于人格特质（NEO-FFI、BIS-15）和感知压力（PSQ20）的问卷调查。PIT范式证明了与互联网游戏和网上购物应用相关的奖赏性条件刺激对获取此类奖赏的工具性反应的影响。研究结果还表明，问题性网络游戏的严重程度，而非网上购物的严重程度，有助于对实验偶然性的知识习得。压力、外向性、神经质和性别是进一步的预测因素。不同强化物的期望强度影响“游戏PIT”效应；然而，本研究中评估的变量均未对“购物PIT”效应产生任何影响。未来有必要开展包括可归类为互联网使用障碍的病理性使用模式参与者的研究，以扩展这些发现。
