Academic Health System, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2019 Feb;54:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.03.001. Epub 2018 Mar 7.
Abnormally activated RAS proteins are the main oncogenic driver that governs the functioning of major signaling pathways involved in the initiation and development of human malignancies. Mutations in RAS genes and or its regulators, most frequent in human cancers, are the main force for incessant RAS activation and associated pathological conditions including cancer. In general, RAS is the main upstream regulator of the highly conserved signaling mechanisms associated with a plethora of important cellular activities vital for normal homeostasis. Mutated or the oncogenic RAS aberrantly activates a web of interconnected signaling pathways including RAF-MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B), protein kinase C (PKC) and ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RALGDS), etc., leading to uncontrolled transcriptional expression and reprogramming in the functioning of a range of nuclear and cytosolic effectors critically associated with the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the recent literature on how oncogenic RAS negatively use its signaling web in deregulating the expression and functioning of various effector molecules in the pathogenesis of human malignancies.
异常激活的 RAS 蛋白是主要的致癌驱动因子,它控制着参与人类恶性肿瘤起始和发展的主要信号通路的功能。RAS 基因及其调节剂的突变,在人类癌症中最为常见,是 RAS 持续激活及其相关病理状况(包括癌症)的主要驱动力。一般来说,RAS 是与多种对正常稳态至关重要的重要细胞活动相关的高度保守信号机制的主要上游调节剂。突变或致癌 RAS 异常激活了一系列相互关联的信号通路,包括 RAF-MEK(丝裂原激活蛋白激酶激酶)-ERK(细胞外信号调节激酶)、磷酸肌醇 3-激酶(PI3K)/AKT(蛋白激酶 B)、蛋白激酶 C(PKC)和 Ral 鸟嘌呤核苷酸解离刺激因子(RALGDS)等,导致核和胞质效应物的转录表达失控和重编程,这些效应物与致癌作用的特征密切相关。本综述强调了最近关于致癌 RAS 如何通过其信号网络负调控人类恶性肿瘤发病机制中各种效应分子的表达和功能的文献。