Bronchiectasis, Chronic Suppurative Lung Disease and Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis.

Bronchiectasis is a structural airway disease characterized by dilated bronchi and bronchioles due to severe or recurrent lower airways inflammation. Bronchiectasis can occur as a result of chronic pulmonary aspiration. Bronchiectasis may also be associated with a wide variety of systemic diseases, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Children with bronchiectasis typically have a chronic or recurrent productive cough and carry a significant burden of disease with a considerable impact on quality of life. The diagnosis of bronchiectasis is made by high-resolution chest computerized tomography. Aggressive management of bronchiectasis is necessary to reduce the daily symptom burden and frequency of exacerbations. Chronic suppurative lung disease may be a precursor to bronchiectasis, only lacking the defining radiographic features of bronchiectasis. Children with chronic suppurative lung disease may have the same symptoms as children with bronchiectasis and should be treated similarly. Protracted bacterial bronchitis is defined as a cough lasting at least four weeks that responds to antibiotic therapy. Protracted bacterial bronchitis may occur following a viral respiratory tract infection. Protracted bacterial bronchitis can be treated with a prolonged course of empiric antibiotics. Further evaluation is necessary if a child with suspected protracted bacterial bronchitis does not adequately respond to antibiotics as chronic suppurative lung disease or bronchiectasis must be considered.