Interactions between tetrahydroisoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives and human serum albumin via multiple spectroscopy techniques.

Some tetrahydroisoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives (TDDs) possess potent herbicidal activity. To assess possible impacts of TDDs on humans, the interactions between TDDs and human serum albumin (HSA) were evaluated with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The thermodynamic data obtained at temperatures of 298, 307, and 316 K indicate that TDDs spontaneously bind to HSA and thus form a TDD-HSA complex. The conformation and secondary structure of HSA are changed, and the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA is statically quenched by TDDs. Moreover, the TDD-HSA complex is formed primarily through electrostatic interactions and has only one binding site on HSA. A competitive ligand-binding assay revealed that site II (subdomain IIIA) displays the greatest affinity for TDDs. In addition, an acute toxicity bioassay showed no zebrafish mortality upon exposure to 4000 μg L of TDDs. This work is helpful for understanding interactions between TDDs and HSA.