Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 80208-9010, Denver, CO, USA.
Department of Natural Systems and Resources, E.T.S. Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Jul 15;218:374-387. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.069. Epub 2018 Apr 25.
Human activities on floodplains have severely disrupted the regeneration of foundation riparian shrub and tree species of the Salicaceae family (Populus and Salix spp.) throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Restoration ecologists initially tackled this problem from a terrestrial perspective that emphasized planting. More recently, floodplain restoration activities have embraced an aquatic perspective, inspired by the expanding practice of managing river flows to improve river health (environmental flows). However, riparian Salicaceae species occupy floodplain and riparian areas, which lie at the interface of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems along watercourses. Thus, their regeneration depends on a complex interaction of hydrologic and geomorphic processes that have shaped key life-cycle requirements for seedling establishment. Ultimately, restoration needs to integrate these concepts to succeed. However, while regeneration of Salicaceae is now reasonably well-understood, the literature reporting restoration actions on Salicaceae regeneration is sparse, and a specific theoretical framework is still missing. Here, we have reviewed 105 peer-reviewed published experiences in restoration of Salicaceae forests, including 91 projects in 10 world regions, to construct a decision tree to inform restoration planning through explicit links between the well-studied biophysical requirements of Salicaceae regeneration and 17 specific restoration actions, the most popular being planting (in 55% of the projects), land contouring (30%), removal of competing vegetation (30%), site selection (26%), and irrigation (24%). We also identified research gaps related to Salicaceae forest restoration and discuss alternative, innovative and feasible approaches that incorporate the human component.
人类在洪泛平原上的活动严重扰乱了北半球柳科（杨属和柳属）河岸灌木和乔木树种（柳树和杨树）的再生。恢复生态学家最初从陆地角度解决这个问题，强调种植。最近，受管理河流流量以改善河流健康（环境流量）的实践日益增多的启发，洪泛区恢复活动采取了一种水域角度。然而，河岸柳科物种占据着洪泛区和河岸地区，这些地区位于沿水流的陆地和水生生态系统之间的界面。因此，它们的再生取决于塑造幼苗建立关键生命周期要求的水文和地貌过程的复杂相互作用。最终，需要整合这些概念才能成功恢复。然而，尽管柳科的再生现在已经得到了很好的理解，但报告柳科再生恢复行动的文献却很少，并且仍然缺乏一个特定的理论框架。在这里，我们回顾了 105 项经过同行评审的柳科森林恢复经验，包括来自 10 个世界区域的 91 个项目，构建了一个决策树，通过明确链接柳树再生的成熟生物物理要求与 17 项具体恢复行动（最受欢迎的是种植，占 55%的项目），土地整形（30%）、去除竞争植被（30%）、选址（26%）和灌溉（24%），为恢复规划提供信息。我们还确定了与柳科森林恢复相关的研究空白，并讨论了替代、创新和可行的方法，这些方法将人类因素纳入其中。
