Tailoring tacrolimus therapy in kidney transplantation.

The prevalence of end-stage renal disease is increasing worldwide. The best treatment is kidney transplantation, although life-long immunosuppressive therapy is then mandatory. Currently, the cornerstone immunosuppressive therapy relies on tacrolimus (Tac), a calcineurin inhibitor that is nephrotoxic but whose exposition can be minimized in a delicate balance. Area covered: We addressed whether, in the setting of kidney transplantation, Tac-based therapy can be tailored to medical needs: to achieve this, we searched for suitable articles in PubMed. Expert commentary: Too over-minimization of Tac, when associated with mycophenolic acid (MPA), may cause the development of de novo donor-specific alloantibodies (DSA). However, Tac minimization, in the context of everolimus-associated therapy instead of MPA, does not increase DSA formation as demonstrated in the TRANSFORM study and, in addition, can prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection/reactivation. Nonetheless, Tac therapy, regardless of its formulation (immediate or extended release) compared to cyclosporine A, increases the risk of posttransplant diabetes mellitus; this increase is not affected by steroid therapy. Tac-based immunosuppression remains the best immunosuppressive therapy in kidney-transplant recipients and can be tailored according to patients' need.