New aspects on the role of dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA in the development of tardive dyskinesia.

In this paper various new findings on the possible anatomical substrates of tardive dyskinesia will be presented. The results show that the striatum is heterogeneously organized, and the syndromes of biting, gnawing, and licking activities in the rat model involve a complex balance between various dopamine (DA), cholinergic, and GABAergic systems within the striatum and the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems.