Wei Q Z, Li S, Jia Q, Luo B, Su L M, Liu Q, Yuan X R, Wang Y H, Ruan Y, Niu J P
Institute of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Public Health Division, Lanzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control, Lanzhou 730030, China.
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018 Jun 6;52(6):601-607. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2018.06.008.
To understand the pollution characteristics and assess the pollution health risks of heavy metals in atmospheric PM(2.5) in Lanzhou. According to the regional characteristics of air pollution and industrial distribution characteristics in Lanzhou, atmospheric PM(2.5) was sampled monthly in Chengguan and Xigu Districts from January, 2015 to December, 2016. Detected the concentration of PM(2.5) and 12 kinds of elements (Sb, Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se and Tl) by weighing method and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index were used to describe the pollution characteristics, while health risk assessment was conducted using the recommended United States Environmental Protection Agency (USA EPA) model. The health risks of non-carcinogens were evaluated by non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ), the non-carcinogenic risk was considered to be negligible when HQ<1, HQ>1 meant a health risk. With a single contaminant cancer Risk value to evaluate the health risks of carcinogens, when the Risk value between 10(-6) to10(-4) as an acceptable level. The daily average concentrations of PM(2.5) was 83.0 μg/m(3), 77.0 μg/m(3) in Chengguan and Xigu Districts, respectively, during the sampling periods, and the concentration of PM(2.5) in winter/spring was higher than summer/fall in both districts. The concentration of Al in PM(2.5) was the highest and other elements in descending order: Pb, Mn, As, Sb/Cd, Tl in both districts. Enrichment factor results showed that Al and Mn were mainly affected by natural factors, the rest of five elements were all typical man-made pollution elements and according to geo-accumulation index pollution level of Cd was the strongest in the winter. The results of health risk assessment showed that Mn had the highest non-cancer risks (HQ>1) and affected the health of the children seriously. HQ reached up to 2.44 and 1.79 in Chengguan and Xigu Districts, respectively. Pb, As, Sb, Cd had slight health impact (HQ<1), could be negligible. The cancer risks range of As, Cr were 6.33×10(-6) to 6.46×10(-5) between the acceptable level of risk (10(-6) to 10(-4)), which indicated that As and Cd had potential cancer-risks. The pollution level of atmospheric PM(2.5) and the heavy metals in it was still grim;the non-cancer risks caused by multiple metals on children deserved attention. Although the cancer risks of As and Cd were between the acceptable level of risk, the potential cancer risk still shall not be ignored.
为了解兰州市大气细颗粒物（PM₂.₅）中重金属污染特征并评估其污染健康风险。根据兰州市空气污染区域特征和产业分布特点，于2015年1月至2016年12月在城关区和西固区每月采集大气PM₂.₅。采用重量法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测PM₂.₅浓度及12种元素（锑、铝、砷、铍、镉、铬、汞、铅、锰、镍、硒和铊）。用富集因子和地累积指数描述污染特征，同时采用美国环境保护局（USEPA）推荐模型进行健康风险评估。通过非致癌危害商（HQ）评估非致癌物健康风险，当HQ＜1时，非致癌风险可忽略不计，HQ＞1表示存在健康风险。用单一污染物致癌风险值评估致癌物健康风险，当风险值在10⁻⁶至10⁻⁴之间为可接受水平。采样期间，城关区和西固区PM₂.₅日均浓度分别为83.0μg/m³、77.0μg/m³，且两区冬春季PM₂.₅浓度高于夏秋季。两区PM₂.₅中铝浓度最高，其他元素依次为铅、锰、砷、锑/镉、铊。富集因子结果表明，铝和锰主要受自然因素影响，其余5种元素均为典型人为污染元素，根据地累积指数，冬季镉污染程度最强。健康风险评估结果显示，锰的非致癌风险最高（HQ＞1），对儿童健康影响严重，城关区和西固区HQ分别高达2.44和1.79。铅、砷、锑、镉对健康影响轻微（HQ＜1），可忽略不计。砷、铬的致癌风险范围在6.33×10⁻⁶至6.46×10⁻⁵之间，处于可接受风险水平（10⁻⁶至10⁻⁴），表明砷和镉存在潜在致癌风险。兰州市大气PM₂.₅及其所含重金属污染水平依然严峻；多种金属对儿童造成的非致癌风险值得关注。虽然砷和镉的致癌风险处于可接受水平，但潜在致癌风险仍不容忽视。
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