Isolation and molecular characterization of Frankia strains resistant to some heavy metals.

Frankia strains isolated from Saudi Arabia, reported for the first time, were identified based on the morphological and molecular tools compared to those isolated from Egypt. All strains displayed typical morphological characterization of Frankia strains represented by branched hyphae, production of vesicles and sporangia. The phylogenetic analysis and relationships among Frankia strains were investigated by comparing 16S rRNA gene sequences. The analysis revealed three genetic groups which formed two clusters. The first cluster was composed of eight Frankia strains subdivided into two genetic groups (one group containing five strains; CgIT L , CgIS N , CgIS N CgIT7N2, and G5; the other group included of three strains: CgIT5L3, CgIS N , and CcI13). The second cluster was composed of only one genetic group of Frankia strain CgIS N . The strains in each genetic group exhibited similar genetic distances. All Frankia strains were able to reinfect their host of Casuarina species. For ability of these strains to resist heavy metals, our results proved that all Frankia strains isolated can resist Cu, Co, and Zn at low concentration except Pb which exhibit highly toxic effect at the same concentration used. Frankia strain G5 was proved to be the most resistant strain for heavy metals tested.