MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Hunan Architectural Design Institute Limited Company, Hunan 410012, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018 Nov 15;163:427-435. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.073. Epub 2018 Jul 31.
In this study, the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) in tap water and direct drinking water were analyzed, and based on the human behavior patterns and building parameters, the concentrations of THMs in indoor air were simulated with the water-air concentration conversion model. In addition, concentrations of THMs in human tissues were predicted based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, and the health risk of THMs for participants were estimated. Furthermore, the carcinogenic risk of mixtures according to the method proposed by USEPA and PBPK model based method were calculated and compared. The concentrations of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in tap water were 11.28-16.21, 4.83-6.28, 0.81-1.32 and 0.08-0.21 μg/L, and those in direct drinking water were 3.29-6.88, 0.35-0.47, 0.03-0.08 and 0.04-0.08 μg/L, respectively. The results of water-air concentration conversion model demonstrated that pollutants in air had a strong correlation with water-related activities. Multi-pathway PBPK model showed that THMs concentrations in liver, kidney and richly perfused tissue were higher than those in other tissues. The results of risk assessment showed that the mean risk levels of mixtures were 1.69 × 10 and 1.72 × 10 calculated by the USEPA recommended method and PBPK based method, which seriously exceeded the acceptable level. TCM and BDCM were the major risk factors, and inhalation was the main exposure route of THMs.
本研究分析了自来水中和直饮水的三卤甲烷（THMs）浓度，并基于人体行为模式和建筑参数，采用水-气浓度转换模型模拟了室内空气中的 THMs 浓度。此外，基于生理相关药代动力学（PBPK）模型预测了 THMs 在人体组织中的浓度，并评估了 THMs 对参与者的健康风险。此外，还根据 USEPA 提出的方法和 PBPK 模型基于方法计算并比较了混合物的致癌风险。自来水中氯仿、溴二氯甲烷、二溴氯甲烷和溴仿的浓度分别为 11.28-16.21、4.83-6.28、0.81-1.32 和 0.08-0.21μg/L，直饮水中的浓度分别为 3.29-6.88、0.35-0.47、0.03-0.08 和 0.04-0.08μg/L。水-气浓度转换模型的结果表明，空气中的污染物与水相关活动密切相关。多途径 PBPK 模型表明，肝脏、肾脏和富含血液的组织中的 THMs 浓度高于其他组织。风险评估结果表明，采用 USEPA 推荐方法和 PBPK 基于方法计算的混合物平均风险水平分别为 1.69×10 和 1.72×10，严重超过可接受水平。TCM 和 BDCM 是主要的风险因素，而吸入是 THMs 的主要暴露途径。
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