Human lysosomal sphingomyelinase: substrate efficacy of apolipoprotein/sphingomyelin complexes.

Human apolipoprotein stimulation of sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis by sphingomyelinase from human skin fibroblasts has been studied. Apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-I, and E do not enhance sphingomyelin hydrolysis above control levels. In contrast, apoC-II stimulates sphingomyelin hydrolysis by approximately 2.5-fold. ApoC-III, the most potent apoprotein activator, stimulates hydrolysis by 3-4-fold. ApoC-III stimulation is not significantly different for the three different isoforms which carry 0, 1, or 2 sialic acid residues. The amino-terminal half of this apoprotein, C-III(1-40), which does not bind to phospholipid surfaces, does not activate sphingomyelinase. In contrast, the carboxyl-terminal half, C-III(41-79), which strongly binds to phospholipid surfaces, stimulates sphingomyelin hydrolysis to the same level as that produced by the intact, full-length apoprotein. Incubation of sphingomyelin vesicles with increasing proportions of apoC-III results in the formation of complexes of increasing apoC-III:SM ratio and decreasing radius. The hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in the 1:50 (mol/mol) complex was more than 2-fold greater than that of the 1:200 (mol/mol) complex. The rate of hydrolysis of egg yolk sphingomyelin in the 1:50 complex was maximal [0.9 mumol h-1 (mg of protein)-1] at the gel----liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm) of the complex (40 degrees C). The rate of hydrolysis fell markedly at either higher or lower temperature. Determination of the apparent Km and Vmax values below, at, and above Tm indicated that the temperature dependence of sphingomyelin hydrolysis was attributable primarily to changes in Vmax.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)