Acrylamide Defects the Expression Pattern of the Circadian Clock and Mitochondrial Dynamics in C57BL/6J Mice Liver and HepG2 Cells.

Circadian rhythm helps organisms adapt to their environment and control a variety of physiological and metabolic processes. Acrylamide is a toxic compound that can be produced during food processing. The aim of this research is to investigate whether the circadian clock is involved in the toxicity mechanisms of acrylamide in mice liver. Our results revealed that acrylamide markedly induced circadian gene oscillation disorder and blocked circadian-related protein in mice liver and HepG2 cells. Simultaneously, the balance of the daily oscillation of the antioxidant enzymes was impeded under acrylamide treatment. Furthermore, acrylamide treatment elevated the mitochondrial dynamic gene expressions and influenced the mitochondrial morphology at the night phase. Acrylamide blocked circadian protein expression via repressing the phosphorylation of AKT or inducing oxidative stress. Taken together, our work reveals acrylamide as a clock-repressing compound generated through the Maillard browning reaction in certain foods that may possess a toxic effect via circadian clock mechanisms.