结构精确的二硫属化物保护的铜和银超原子纳米团簇及其合金
Structurally Precise Dichalcogenolate-Protected Copper and Silver Superatomic Nanoclusters and Their Alloys.
作者信息
Sharma Sachil, Chakrahari Kiran Kumarvarma, Saillard Jean-Yves, Liu C W
机构信息
Department of Chemistry , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien 97401 , Taiwan (R.O.C.).
Department of Chemistry , SRM Institute of Science and Technology , Kattankulathur 603203 , India.
出版信息
Acc Chem Res. 2018 Oct 16;51(10):2475-2483. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00349. Epub 2018 Sep 28.
The chalcogenolato silver and copper superatoms are currently a topic of cutting edge research besides the extensively studied Au (SR) clusters. Crystal structure analysis is an indispensable tool to gain deep insights into the anatomy of these sub-nanometer clusters. The metal framework and spatial arrangement of the chalcogenolates around the metal core assist in unravelling the structure-property relationships and fundamental mechanisms involved in their fabrication. In this Account, we discuss our contribution toward the development of dichalcogenolato Ag and Cu cluster chemistry covering their fabrication and precise molecular structures. Briefly introducing the significance of the single crystal structures of the atomically precise clusters, the novel dichalcogenolated two-electron superatomic copper and its alloy systems are presented first. The [Cu{SCNR}{C≡CR'}] is so far the first unique copper cluster having Cu centered cuboctahedra, which is a miniature of bulk fcc structure. The galvanic exchange of the central Cu with Ag or Au results in a similar anatomy of formed bimetallic [Au/Ag@Cu(SCN Bu)(C≡CPh)][CuCl] species. This is unique in the sense that other contemporary M cores in group 11 superatomic chemistry are compact icosahedra. The central doping of Ag or Au significantly affects the physiochemical properties of the bimetallic Cu-rich clusters. It is manifested in the dramatic quantum yield enhancement of the doped species [Au@Cu(SCN Bu)(C≡CPh)] with a value of 0.59 at 77 K in 2-MeTHF. In the second part, the novel eight-electron dithiophosphate- and diselenophosphate-protected silver systems are presented. A completely different type of architecture was revealed for the first time from the successful structural determination of [Ag{SP(O Pr)}], [Ag{SP(O Pr)}] and [Au@Ag{SP(OPr)}]. They exhibit a nonhollow M (Ag or AuAg) icosahedron, capped by 8 and 7 Ag atoms in the former and latter two species, respectively. The overall metal core units are protected by 12 dithiophosphate ligands and the metal-ligand interface structure was found to be quite different from that of Au (SR) . Notably, the [Ag{SP(O Pr)}] cluster provides the first structural evidence of a silver superatom with a chiral metallic core. This chirality arises through the simple removal of one of capping Ag cations of [Ag{SP(O Pr)}] present on its C axis. Further, the effects of the ligand exchange on the structures of [Ag{SeP(O Pr)}], [Ag{SeP(OEt)}], and [AuAg{SeP(OEt)}] are studied extensively. The structure of the former species is similar to its dithiophosphate counterpart ( C symmetry). The latter two ( T symmetry) differ in the arrangement of 8 capping Ag atoms, as they form a cube engraving the Ag (AuAg) icosahedron. The blue shifts in absorption spectra and photoluminescence further indicate the strong influence of the central Au atom in the doped clusters. Finally, the first paradigm of unusual heteroatom doping induced size-structure transformations is discussed by presenting the case of formation of [AuAg{SeP(O Pr)}] upon Au doping into [Ag{SeP(O Pr)}]. Finally, before concluding this Account, we discuss the possibility of many unique structural isomers with different physical properties for the aforementioned Ag superatoms which need to be explored extensively in the future.
除了被广泛研究的金(硫醇盐)簇之外,硫属醇银和铜超原子目前是前沿研究的一个主题。晶体结构分析是深入了解这些亚纳米簇结构的不可或缺的工具。硫属醇盐围绕金属核的金属框架和空间排列有助于揭示其结构 - 性质关系以及制备过程中涉及的基本机制。在本综述中,我们讨论了我们在二硫属醇银和铜簇化学发展方面所做的贡献,涵盖了它们的制备和精确的分子结构。首先简要介绍原子精确簇单晶结构的重要性,然后展示新型的二硫属醇化双电子超原子铜及其合金体系。[Cu{SCNR}{C≡CR'}]是迄今为止第一个具有以铜为中心的立方八面体的独特铜簇,它是体心立方结构的微缩版。中心的铜与银或金进行电化交换会形成类似结构的双金属[Au/Ag@Cu(SCN Bu)(C≡CPh)][CuCl]物种。这在第11族超原子化学中是独特的,因为其他当代的M核是紧凑的二十面体。银或金的中心掺杂显著影响富含铜的双金属簇的物理化学性质。这表现为掺杂物种[Au@Cu(SCN Bu)(C≡CPh)]在77K的2 - 甲基四氢呋喃中的量子产率显著提高,达到0.59。在第二部分中,展示了新型的八电子二硫代磷酸酯和二硒代磷酸酯保护的银体系。通过对[Ag{SP(O Pr)}]、[Ag{SP(O Pr)}]和[Au@Ag{SP(OPr)}]的成功结构测定,首次揭示了一种完全不同类型的结构。它们呈现出一个非空心的M(Ag或AuAg)二十面体,在前两种物种中分别由8个和7个银原子封顶。整个金属核单元由12个二硫代磷酸酯配体保护,并且发现金属 - 配体界面结构与金(硫醇盐)的有很大不同。值得注意的是,[Ag{SP(O Pr)}]簇提供了具有手性金属核的银超原子的首个结构证据。这种手性是通过简单去除[Ag{SP(O Pr)}]在其C轴上存在的一个封顶银阳离子而产生的。此外,还广泛研究了配体交换对[Ag{SeP(O Pr)}] [Ag{SeP(OEt)}]和[AuAg{SeP(OEt)}]结构的影响。前一种物种的结构与其二硫代磷酸酯对应物相似(C对称性)。后两种(T对称性)在8个封顶银原子的排列上有所不同,因为它们形成了一个雕刻Ag(AuAg)二十面体的立方体。吸收光谱和光致发光中的蓝移进一步表明掺杂簇中中心金原子的强烈影响。最后,通过展示金掺杂到[Ag{SeP(O Pr)}]中形成[AuAg{SeP(O Pr)}]的例子,讨论了异常杂原子掺杂诱导尺寸 - 结构转变的首个范例。最后,在结束本综述之前,我们讨论了上述银超原子存在许多具有不同物理性质的独特结构异构体的可能性,这些异构体在未来需要进行广泛探索。