Wang Xiangling, Han Jiahui, Li Fuhong, Cao Bihua
School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.
Front Psychol. 2018 Oct 4;9:1865. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01865. eCollection 2018.
Unlike other creatures, humans developed the ability to cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers and a tendency to comply with social norms. However, humans deviate from social norms in various situations. This study used the modified ultimatum game to explore why humans deviate from social norms and how their prosocial behavior can be promoted. In Study 1, participants were asked to imagine working with an anonymous counterpart to complete a task and obtain a certain amount of money (e.g., ¥10). The computer divided the money randomly in favor of the participant (e.g., 9:1 or 8:2). Participants should decide whether to accept or reject such a self-benefiting division. In the non-risk condition, an absolutely fair redivision of money would take place if participants reject self-benefiting division (e.g., 5:5 or 6:4). By contrast, in the risk condition, other-benefiting redivision of money (e.g., 1:9 or 2:8) would take place if participants rejected the self-benefiting division. Results involving 40 college students showed the main effect of condition. The frequency of accepting self-benefiting division in the risk condition was higher than that in the non-risk condition. As such, compliance with social norms is based on the preservation of material resources. In Study 2, we used economic or moral rewards to compensate for economic loss following compliance with the norm. Results involving 28 college students revealed a significant effect of compensation. The rewards, including moral praise, effectively decreased selfish choices. These findings extend previous studies on social norm compliance by emphasizing the importance of internal, fairness-based balance between material and moral needs, as well as the role of moral praise in promoting prosocial behavior.
与其他生物不同，人类发展出了与基因上无关的陌生人合作的能力以及遵守社会规范的倾向。然而，人类在各种情况下都会偏离社会规范。本研究使用改进后的最后通牒博弈来探究人类为何偏离社会规范以及如何促进他们的亲社会行为。在研究1中，参与者被要求想象与一个匿名对手合作完成一项任务并获得一定数量的金钱（例如，10元）。计算机随机分配金钱，使参与者受益（例如，9:1或8:2）。参与者要决定是否接受这种有利于自己的分配方式。在无风险条件下，如果参与者拒绝有利于自己的分配方式，金钱将进行绝对公平的重新分配（例如，5:5或6:4）。相比之下，在有风险条件下，如果参与者拒绝有利于自己的分配方式，金钱将进行有利于他人的重新分配（例如，1:9或2:8）。涉及40名大学生的结果显示了条件的主效应。在有风险条件下接受有利于自己的分配方式的频率高于无风险条件下的频率。因此，遵守社会规范是基于对物质资源的保护。在研究2中，我们使用经济或道德奖励来补偿遵守规范后造成的经济损失。涉及28名大学生的结果显示了补偿的显著效应。包括道德赞扬在内的奖励有效地减少了自私的选择。这些发现扩展了以往关于社会规范遵守的研究，强调了物质需求和道德需求之间基于公平的内部平衡的重要性，以及道德赞扬在促进亲社会行为中的作用。
