Examining the implementation of clinical practice guidelines for the management of adult cancers: A mixed methods study.

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES: Focusing on the implementation of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of adult cancers, the objectives of this study were to (a) describe the intrinsic elements known to influence CPG use; (b) identify the ways in which CPGs are implemented; and (c) explore how CPG characteristics and contextual factors influence implementation and use.

METHODS

We conducted a sequential mixed methods study. First, we performed a content analysis of all CPGs developed and approved for the management of adult cancers in Nova Scotia, Canada, from 2005 to 2015. CPGs were examined for the presence of 22 elements known to influence CPG use. Next, we conducted semistructured interviews with CPG developers and end users. Participants were purposively sampled, based on the findings of the content analysis. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed by two researchers using the Framework Method.

RESULTS

CPGs (n = 20) demonstrated large variation with respect to elements shown to influence CPG use. For example, 85% included content related to individualization and objectives. Yet no CPGs (0%) had journal or patient versions; discussed the education, training, or competencies needed to deliver recommendations; contained an explicit statement on anticipated work changes, or on potential direct or productivity costs; or identified barriers or facilitators that might influence CPG adoption. Interview data from CPG developers (n = 4) and users (n = 6) revealed five themes related to CPG implementation and use: (a) lack of consistency in CPG development; (b) timing and nature of stakeholder engagement; (c) credibility of the CPG development process and final CPGs; (d) limited understanding of implementation as an active process; and (e) factors at organizational and system levels influence CPG implementation and use.

CONCLUSIONS

This mixed methods study provides complementary data that may help inform more effective CPG implementation efforts and optimize their use in practice.