BACKGROUND: Clinical scoring systems are increasingly important and popular for the evaluation of orthopedic patients. Elbow stiffness commonly causes functional impairment and upper-limb disability. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a new elbow-specific assessment score to evaluate joint function in patients with elbow stiffness. METHODS: The new system, the Shanghai Elbow Dysfunction Score (SHEDS), was developed in 3 portions: elbow motion capacities, elbow-related symptoms, and patient satisfaction level. A total of 73 patients with elbow stiffness were prospectively included. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Cronbach α values were calculated for test-retest reliability and internal consistency, respectively. Construct validity was assessed by correlating the SHEDS with previously validated scoring systems. Effect sizes (ES) and standardized response means (SRMs) were calculated for responsiveness. RESULTS: Positive reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83 and adequate homogeneity with a Cronbach α value of 0.74 were found for the SHEDS. Good to excellent validity using Spearman correlation coefficients (SCCs) were determined for the total (0.51-0.82), motion (0.65-0.89), and symptom (0.35-0.53) scores. Responsiveness was large for the total ES, 3.48; SRM, 2.96), motion (ES, 2.54; SRM, 2.08), and symptom (ES, 1.26; SRM, 1.14) scores. There were no ceiling or floor effects. Significant positive correlations were found between patient satisfaction levels and the final scores (SCC, 0.62), as well as the score changes of the SHEDS (SCC, 0.42). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the newly developed SHEDS is an excellent, comprehensive, valid scoring system to evaluate joint function in patients with elbow stiffness.