Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Nature. 2019 Jan;565(7741):636-639. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0886-z. Epub 2019 Jan 23.
Our knowledge of the distribution and evolution of deep-sea life is limited, impeding our ability to identify priority areas for conservation. Here we analyse large integrated phylogenomic and distributional datasets of seafloor fauna from the sea surface to the abyss and from equator to pole of the Southern Hemisphere for an entire class of invertebrates (Ophiuroidea). We find that latitudinal diversity gradients are assembled through contrasting evolutionary processes for shallow (0-200 m) and deep (>200 m) seas. The shallow-water tropical-temperate realm broadly reflects a tropical diversification-driven process that shows exchange of lineages in both directions. Diversification rates are reversed for the realm that contains the deep sea and Antarctica; the diversification rates are highest at polar and lowest at tropical latitudes, and net exchange occurs from high to low latitudes. The tropical upper bathyal (200-700 m deep), with its rich ancient phylodiversity, is characterized by relatively low diversification and moderate immigration rates. Conversely, the young, specialized Antarctic fauna is inferred to be rebounding from regional extinctions that are associated with the rapid cooling of polar waters during the mid-Cenozoic era.
我们对深海生物的分布和进化的了解是有限的，这阻碍了我们确定优先保护区域的能力。在这里，我们分析了南半球从海面到深海、从赤道到极地的海底动物大型综合系统发育和分布数据集，涵盖了一类完整的无脊椎动物（蛇尾纲）。我们发现，纬度多样性梯度是通过浅海（0-200 米）和深海（>200 米）海洋中截然不同的进化过程组装起来的。浅海热带-温带海域广泛反映了由热带多样化驱动的过程，该过程表现出双向的谱系交换。对于包含深海和南极洲的海域，多样化率发生逆转；在极地的多样化率最高，在热带的最低，净交换从高纬度到低纬度发生。富含古老系统发育多样性的热带上层深海（200-700 米深）的特点是相对较低的多样化和适度的移民率。相反，年轻的、专业化的南极动物群被推断为正在从与新生代中期极地水域快速冷却相关的区域灭绝中恢复。
