1 Agri-Neo Inc., 1-435 Horner Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8V 4W3; Canada.
2 Agriculture and Food Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NH1 8J7.
J Food Prot. 2019 Mar;82(3):486-493. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-381.
Raw chia and flax seeds are increasingly associated with Salmonella contamination. However, intervention technologies for these seeds that maintain them in a raw state, without causing clumping because of mucilage production upon moisture exposure, are limited. In this study, a commercial ethanol and paracetic acid sanitizing solution meeting these criteria was evaluated for efficacy against Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354, a known Salmonella surrogate for thermal intervention technologies. Samples (100 g each) of chia and flax seeds ( n = 5) were inoculated with either a cocktail of Salmonella Newport, Senftenberg, Oranienburg, Saintpaul, Typhimurium DT104, and Cubana or E. faecium NRRL B-2354. After overnight acclimatization, samples were treated with 4 mL of sanitizing solution per sample and then held at ambient temperature (20 to 25°C) for 1 h before bacterial enumeration. Separate 1-kg-treated batches were evaluated for germination ability (4 replicates of 100-g samples), as well as nutrient content and rancidity ( n = 3), compared with untreated control. Following the posttreatment holding time, these batches were dried back to original moisture content at 70°C to evaporate residual sanitizing solution, thereby stopping treatment. The sanitizing solution was found to be an effective intervention method for chia and flax seeds, reducing Salmonella to below the level of detection by more than 4 and more than 5 average log CFU/g, respectively. Germination was not significantly affected ( P ≥ 0.05) for chia seed. For both seeds, nutrition and rancidity were not significantly affected ( P ≥ 0.05). Furthermore, E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was found to be an appropriate Salmonella surrogate for treatment of chia and flax seeds with this sanitizing solution, showing comparable but higher resistance to treatment with the sanitizing solution than the Salmonella cocktail.
生奇亚籽和亚麻籽越来越多地与沙门氏菌污染有关。然而，对于这些需要保持生的状态的种子，并且在接触水分时由于黏液的产生而不会结块的干预技术是有限的。在这项研究中，评估了一种符合这些标准的商业乙醇和过氧乙酸消毒溶液对沙门氏菌和粪肠球菌 NRRL B-2354 的功效，粪肠球菌 NRRL B-2354 是一种已知的用于热干预技术的沙门氏菌替代物。将奇亚籽和亚麻籽（ n = 5）各 100 克的样品（ n = 5）用沙门氏菌纽波特、森滕贝格、奥兰治堡、圣保罗马丁、伤寒 Typhimurium DT104 和古巴菌的混合物或粪肠球菌 NRRL B-2354 接种。过夜适应后，用 4 毫升消毒溶液处理每个样品，然后在环境温度（20 至 25°C）下放置 1 小时，然后进行细菌计数。将单独的 1 公斤处理批次与未处理的对照进行发芽能力（100 克样品的 4 个重复）、营养成分和酸败（ n = 3）评估。处理后保持时间后，将这些批次在 70°C 下干燥回原始水分含量，以蒸发残留的消毒溶液，从而停止处理。消毒溶液被发现是奇亚籽和亚麻籽的有效干预方法，分别将沙门氏菌减少到检测水平以下超过 4 和超过 5 个平均对数 CFU/g。奇亚籽的发芽率没有受到显著影响（ P ≥ 0.05）。对于两种种子，营养成分和酸败程度没有受到显著影响（ P ≥ 0.05）。此外，粪肠球菌 NRRL B-2354 被发现是一种合适的沙门氏菌替代物，用于用这种消毒溶液处理奇亚籽和亚麻籽，与沙门氏菌混合物相比，它对消毒溶液的处理表现出相当但更高的抗性。
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