Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
Environ Res. 2019 May;172:543-551. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.045. Epub 2019 Mar 1.
Indoor environments contain a wide range of new chemicals such as phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs). Despite recent epidemiological evidence suggesting that children might be affected by widespread exposure to PFRs, questions remain about the various exposure pathways to these chemicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate exposure to PFRs by measuring the concentrations a set of urinary metabolites for schoolchildren from Japan (n = 128) and associating them with house dust concentrations and housing characteristics. Detectable concentrations of both diaryl and dialkyl phosphates (DAPs) and hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PFRs) were found in urine samples of almost all children. 2-Hydroxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEHEP) was the most frequently detected metabolite (98%) followed by 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP, 95%) and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Next to BBOEHEP, two other metabolites of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were also frequently detected. Significant correlations of moderate strength were found between parent compounds detected in high concentrations in house dust (TBOEP, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)) and their corresponding metabolites, suggesting that dust is a primary exposure source for these PFRs. Several personal and housing characteristics, such as gender, income, and the use of PVC and ventilation were associated with metabolite concentrations in multivariate linear regression. Overall, this study showed that Japanese schoolchildren are exposed to a wide range of PFRs.
室内环境中含有许多新型化学物质，如磷酸酯阻燃剂和增塑剂（PFRs）。尽管最近的流行病学证据表明，儿童可能会受到广泛接触 PFRs 的影响，但对于这些化学物质的各种暴露途径仍存在疑问。因此，本研究旨在通过测量来自日本的一组学龄儿童尿液中代谢物的浓度来研究 PFRs 的暴露情况，并将其与室内灰尘浓度和住房特征相关联。在几乎所有儿童的尿液样本中都检测到了二芳基和二烷基磷酸盐（DAPs）以及羟基化代谢物（HO-PFRs）的可检测浓度。2-羟乙基双（2-丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯（BBOEHEP）是最常检测到的代谢物（98%），其次是 1-羟基-2-丙基双（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（BCIPHIPP，95%）和三（氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）。除 BBOEHEP 外，还经常检测到三（2-丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯（TBOEP）的另外两种代谢物。在室内灰尘中检测到高浓度的母体化合物（TBOEP、三（2-氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TCIPP））及其相应的代谢物之间发现了具有中等强度的显著相关性，这表明灰尘是这些 PFRs 的主要暴露源。一些个人和住房特征，如性别、收入以及聚氯乙烯和通风的使用，与多元线性回归中的代谢物浓度有关。总的来说，本研究表明，日本学龄儿童暴露于广泛的 PFRs 中。
