Prostaglandin E, but not cAMP nor β-agonists, induce tristetraprolin (TTP) in human airway smooth muscle cells.

Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an anti-inflammatory molecule known to post-transcriptionally regulate cytokine production and is, therefore, an attractive drug target for chronic respiratory diseases driven by inflammation, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Our recent in vitro studies in primary human airway smooth (ASM) cells have confirmed the essential anti-inflammatory role played by TTP as a critical partner in a cytokine regulatory network. However, several unanswered questions remain. While prior in vitro studies have suggested that TTP is regulated in a cAMP-mediated manner, raising the possibility that this may be one of the ways in which β-agonists achieve beneficial effects beyond bronchodilation, the impact of β-agonists on ASM cells is unknown. Furthermore, the effect of prostaglandin E (PGE) on TTP expression in ASM cells has not been reported. We address this herein and reveal, for the first time, that TTP is not regulated by cAMP-activating agents nor following treatment with long-acting β-agonists. However, PGE does induce TTP mRNA expression and protein upregulation in ASM cells. Although the underlying mechanism of action remains undefined, we can confirm that PGE-induced TTP upregulation is not mediated via cAMP, or EP/EP receptor activation, and occurred in a manner independent of the p38 MAPK-mediated pathway. Taken together, these data confirm that β-agonists do not upregulate TTP in human ASM cells and indicate that another way in which PGE may achieve beneficial effects in asthma and COPD may be via upregulation of the master controller of inflammation-TTP.