Effect of algal surface area and species interactions in toxicity testing bioassays.

Single and multispecies algal bioassays were assessed using copper toxicity with three green algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus angustus) and one blue-green algae species (Oscillatoria prolifera). Single and multispecies toxicity tests were conducted based on cell density as per standard toxicity testing, and on equivalent surface area. A higher copper sulfate toxicity was registered for O. prolifera, followed by S. subspicatus, S. quadricauda, and A. angustus in single-species toxicity tests based on cell density. Single species toxicity tests based on surface area showed increased copper toxicity with increasing algal surface area except for A. angustus. In multispecies control bioassays, the growth of A. angustus was inhibited in the presence of other species in surface area-based tests. As compared to single species bioassays, O. prolifera, and S. quadricauda showed a decreased sensitivity to copper sulfate in both cell density and surface area based multispecies tests. However, for the algae species with the smallest surface area, S. subspicatus, 96h-EC value decreased in multispecies bioassays based on surface area as compared to the single species test, while it increased in multispecies bioassays based on cell density. The difference in S. subspicatus sensitivity to copper between tests based on cell density and surface area supports the need to adopt multispecies toxicity testing based on surface area to avoid the confounding effect on copper toxicity of increased biomass for metal binding. 96h-EC values for all species combined in the multispecies test based on cell density and on surface area were significantly different from 96h-EC values obtained in single species bioassays. These results demonstrate that single-species bioassays may over- or underestimate metal toxicity in natural waters.