Biotechnology and Phycology Division, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, Ghaziabad, India.
Biotechnology and Phycology Division, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, Ghaziabad, India.
Gene. 2019 Jun 15;701:55-64. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.099. Epub 2019 Mar 19.
The present study revealed the spatial variability of bacteria in relation to physicochemical variations at four different locations (Diu - DIU, Veraval - VER, Porbandar - POR and Okha - OKH) along the Gujarat coast (Arabian Sea, India). The natural habitat was analyzed for temperature, salinity, pH, total dissolved solids, total organic content, total inorganic content, biological oxygen demand, conductivity and total dissolved oxygen. The lowest salinity and conductivity were observed at the VER site, whereas the highest salinity and conductivity were measured with OKH samples. In contrast, the pH was slightly alkaline at all of the sites. The VER site contained the maximum total dissolved solids (TDS), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), and total inorganic carbon (TIC), while OKH showed the maximum dissolve oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), pH, temperature, conductivity, and salinity. The physicochemical characteristics showed that the Gujarat coast is alkaline and has a nutrient heterogeneous nature. Average well color development (AWCD) values, calculated using Biolog EcoPlates, showed that the microbial community from VER contained the highest metabolic activities and could metabolize all 31 substrates, followed by DIU > OKH > POR samples. In contrast, the abundance of the bacterial community, determined by qRT-PCR, was maximum in VER samples, followed by OKH > POR > DIU samples. The Shannon and Simpson indices showed that DIU, POR and OKH seawater clone libraries were more diverse. Furthermore, Chao estimator revealed the high diversity of POR and DIU clone libraries. Interestingly, DIU and OKH did not share any common operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and overall, the maximum bacterial diversity was observed with the POR seawater sample. Moreover, these observations were supported by statistical analysis, such as canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The molecular phylogeny revealed the dominance of Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes. Within the Proteobacteria phylum, most of the sequences were affiliated with the Gammaproteobacteria class. In total, about 726 OTUs were observed from all four sites which covers 59.79% DIU, 87.5% VER, 50% POR and 98.83% OKH of samples. This study is the first report to describe physicochemical attributes and the bacterial diversity of the coastal area of Gujarat. The study will provide useful insights about bacterial diversity, distribution, and abundance, as well as their relationships with the habitat.
本研究揭示了细菌在古吉拉特邦沿海四个不同地点（第乌-DIU、维拉瓦尔-VER、波拉布尔-POR 和奥卡-OKH）与理化变化相关的空间变异性。对温度、盐度、pH 值、总溶解固体、总有机含量、总无机含量、生物需氧量、电导率和溶解氧进行了自然栖息地分析。在 VER 站点观察到最低的盐度和电导率，而 OKH 样品的盐度和电导率最高。相比之下，所有站点的 pH 值都略呈碱性。VER 站点含有最高的总溶解固体 (TDS)、总碳 (TC)、总有机碳 (TOC) 和总无机碳 (TIC)，而 OKH 则显示出最大的溶解氧 (DO)、生物需氧量 (BOD)、pH 值、温度、电导率和盐度。理化特性表明，古吉拉特邦海岸呈碱性，具有不均匀的营养特性。使用 Biolog EcoPlates 计算的平均好氧显色值 (AWCD) 值表明，来自 VER 的微生物群落具有最高的代谢活性，能够代谢所有 31 种底物，其次是 DIU>OKH>POR 样品。相比之下，qRT-PCR 测定的细菌群落丰度在 VER 样品中最高，其次是 OKH>POR>DIU 样品。香农和辛普森指数表明，DIU、POR 和 OKH 海水克隆文库更具多样性。此外，Chao 估计器显示 POR 和 DIU 克隆文库具有很高的多样性。有趣的是，DIU 和 OKH 没有共享任何共同的操作分类单位 (OTU)，总的来说，POR 海水样品中观察到最大的细菌多样性。此外，这些观察结果得到了统计分析的支持，如典范对应分析 (CCA) 和主成分分析 (PCA)。分子系统发育分析显示，优势菌门为变形菌门，其次为厚壁菌门。在变形菌门中，大多数序列与γ变形菌纲有关。总共从四个站点观察到约 726 个 OTU，占 DIU 的 59.79%、VER 的 87.5%、POR 的 50%和 OKH 的 98.83%。本研究是首次描述古吉拉特邦沿海地区的理化属性和细菌多样性的报告。该研究将提供有关细菌多样性、分布和丰度及其与栖息地关系的有用见解。
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