a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit , University of Bari , Bari , Italy.
b Division of Urology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy.
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2019 May;19(5):397-407. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1607729. Epub 2019 May 2.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a metabolic disease, of which the incidence rate is increasing worldwide. Renal carcinoma is characterized by mutations in target genes involved in metabolic pathways. Metabolic reprogramming covers different processes such as aerobic glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and the utilization of tryptophan, glutamine, and arginine. In the era of the multi-omics approach (with integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), discovering biomarkers for early diagnosis is gaining renewed importance. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ccRCC metabolic reprogramming. In addition, we describe the emerging metabolomics-based biomarkers differentially expressed in ccRCC and the rationale for the recently developed drugs specifically targeting the ccRCC metabolome. Expert opinion: A number of metabolic pathways will be explored in future years, and many of these pathways are potential therapeutic targets and may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of ccRCC.
透明细胞肾细胞癌（ccRCC）是一种代谢疾病，其全球发病率正在上升。肾细胞癌的特征是参与代谢途径的靶基因突变。代谢重编程涵盖不同的过程，如有氧糖酵解、脂肪酸代谢以及色氨酸、谷氨酰胺和精氨酸的利用。在多组学方法（整合转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）的时代，发现早期诊断的生物标志物变得更加重要。涵盖领域：在这篇综述中，我们讨论了 ccRCC 代谢重编程的病理生理机制。此外，我们描述了在 ccRCC 中差异表达的新兴基于代谢组学的生物标志物，以及最近专门针对 ccRCC 代谢组开发的药物的基本原理。专家意见：未来几年将探索许多代谢途径，其中许多途径是潜在的治疗靶点，并可能作为 ccRCC 的诊断和预后生物标志物。
