From JOLs to JOLs+: Directing learners' attention in retrieval practice to boost integrative argumentation.

The effects of retrieval practice on complex, meaningful learning outcomes that require more than just basic recall are of ongoing interest in the test-enhanced learning literature. Across two experiments, we investigated the extent that retrieval practice boosts integrative argumentation-the integration of opposing viewpoints to form conclusions. Participants were tasked to form an integrative argumentation response after reading a text containing arguments for and against an issue. We found that retrieval practice alone produced superior long-term retention of text content, but not better use of integrative stratagems relative to repeated study (Experiment 1). However, when retrieval practice was augmented with judgments of higher order learning (JOLs+) that oriented learners' attention toward the critical elements of integrative argumentation (Experiment 2), it led to the use of more integrative stratagems, relative to retrieval practice supplemented with judgments of learning (JOLs) that assessed the degree of material learned or remembered, and a notetaking condition paired with JOLs+. Importantly, the improvement in learners' use of integrative stratagems persisted even after controlling for the number of idea units in their responses. These findings suggest that JOLs+ serve as a potent metacomprehension monitoring intervention when paired with retrieval practice to enhance higher order learning outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).