Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Electrophoresis. 2019 Sep;40(18-19):2438-2461. doi: 10.1002/elps.201900111. Epub 2019 May 17.
Sample preparation is a crucial step for the reliable and accurate analysis of both small molecule and biopolymers which often involves processes such as isolation, pre-concentration, removal of interferences (purification), and pre-processing (e.g., enzymatic digestion) of targets from a complex matrix. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-assisted sample preparation and pre-concentration has been extensively applied in many analytical procedures in recent years due to the favorable and unique properties of GNPs such as size-controlled synthesis, large surface-to-volume ratio, surface inertness, straightforward surface modification, easy separation requiring minimal manipulation of samples. This review article primarily focuses on applications of GNPs in sample preparation, in particular for bioaffinity capture and biocatalysis. In addition, their most common synthesis, surface modification and characterization methods are briefly summarized. Proper surface modification for GNPs designed in accordance to their target application directly influence their functionalities, e.g., extraction efficiencies, and catalytic efficiencies. Characterization of GNPs after synthesis and modification is worthwhile for monitoring and controlling the fabrication process to ensure proper quality and functionality. Parameters such as morphology, colloidal stability, and physical/chemical properties can be assessed by methods such as surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential determinations, transmission electron microscopy, Taylor dispersion analysis, and resonant mass measurement, among others. The accurate determination of the surface coverage appears to be also mandatory for the quality control of functionality of the nanoparticles. Some promising applications of (functionalized) GNPs for bioanalysis and sample preparation are described herein.
样品制备是可靠和准确分析小分子和生物聚合物的关键步骤，通常涉及从复杂基质中分离、预浓缩、去除干扰物（纯化）和预处理（例如，目标酶解）等过程。近年来，由于金纳米粒子（GNP）具有尺寸可控合成、大表面积与体积比、表面惰性、表面易于修饰、易于分离且对样品操作要求低等独特性质，其在许多分析程序中的样品制备和预浓缩中得到了广泛应用。本文主要综述了 GNP 在样品制备中的应用，特别是在生物亲和捕获和生物催化方面的应用。此外，还简要总结了 GNP 最常见的合成、表面修饰和表征方法。根据目标应用对 GNP 进行适当的表面修饰会直接影响其功能，例如萃取效率和催化效率。在合成和修饰后对 GNP 进行表征对于监测和控制制造过程以确保适当的质量和功能非常有价值。可以通过表面等离子体共振、动态光散射、ζ-电势测定、透射电子显微镜、泰勒分散分析和共振质量测量等方法评估形态、胶体稳定性和物理/化学性质等参数。为了控制纳米粒子功能的质量，似乎还必须准确确定表面覆盖率。本文介绍了一些（功能化）GNP 在生物分析和样品制备中的有前途的应用。
