Histological and blood chemistry examination of the rodent kidney after exposure to flash-replenishment ultrasound contrast imaging.

The purpose of this work is to investigate whether imaging sequences of flash-replenishment contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of the kidney result in chronic or acute bioeffects. Kidneys of female Fischer 344 rats were imaged using the flash-replenishment technique. Animals were separated into four groups (N = 31). Imaging was conducted with a 4C1 probe, driven by an Acuson Sequoia system with Definity microbubbles as the ultrasound contrast agent. During the flash phase of the imaging sequence, one kidney in each animal was exposed to either a mechanical index (MI) of 1.0 or 1.9. For each MI, half of the animals were sacrificed shortly after imaging (4 h) or after 2 weeks. A blinded veterinary nephropathologist reviewed the histopathology of both the imaged and control (non-imaged) kidney. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured for each animal prior to imaging and at the time of necropsy. Histopathology assessments in both the 1.0 and 1.9 MI groups revealed no signs of hemorrhage at either the 4-h or 2-week time point. BUN showed minor but statistically significant elevations in both the 1.0 and 1.9 MI groups, but no significant difference was present at the 2-week time point in the 1.0 MI group. All BUN levels (at both time points) remained in the normal range. In conclusion, CEUS with flash-replenishment imaging sequences did not result in kidney bioeffects observable with histology at early or late time points. Increases in BUN levels were observed after imaging, but were minimized when using a moderate MI (1.0).