Torrontegi Olalla, Alvarez Vega, Hurtado Ana, Sevilla Iker A, Höfle Ursula, Barral Marta
NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spain.
Grupo SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
Avian Dis. 2019 Mar 1;63(sp1):131-137. doi: 10.1637/11866-042518-Reg.1.
Wild birds often harbor infectious microorganisms. Some of these infectious microorganisms may present a risk to domestic animals and humans through spillover events. Detections of certain microorganisms have been shown to increase host susceptibility to infections by other microorganisms, leading to coinfections and altered host-to-host transmission patterns. However, little is known about the frequency of coinfections and its impact on wild bird populations. In order to verify whether avian influenza virus (AIV) natural infection in wild waterbirds was related to the excretion of other microorganisms, 73 AIV-positive samples (feces and cloacal swabs) were coupled with 73 AIV-negative samples of the same sampling characteristics and tested by real-time PCR specific for the following microorganisms: West Nile virus, avian avulavirus 1, spp., , , subspecies, complex, and spp. Concurrent detections were found in 47.9% (35/73) of the AIV-positive samples and in 23.3% (17/73) of the AIV-negative samples ( = 0.003). spp. and spp. were found to be significantly more prevalent among the AIV-positive samples than among the AIV-negative samples (42.9% . 22.8%; = 0.024 and 15.2% . 0.0%; = 0.0015, respectively). Prevalence of concurrent detections differed significantly among sampling years ( = 0.001), host families ( = 0.002), host species ( = 0.003), AIV subtypes ( = 0.003), and type of sample ( = 0.009). Multiple concurrent detections (more than one of the tested microorganisms excluding AIV) were found in 9.6% (7/73) of all the AIV-positive samples, accounting for 20% (7/35) of the concurrent detection cases. In contrast, in AIV-negative samples we never detected more than one of the selected microorganisms. These results show that AIV detection was associated with the detection of the monitored microorganisms. Further studies of a larger field sample set or under experimental conditions are necessary to infer causality in these trends.
野生鸟类常常携带传染性微生物。其中一些传染性微生物可能通过溢出事件对家畜和人类构成风险。已表明某些微生物的检测会增加宿主对其他微生物感染的易感性，导致合并感染并改变宿主间的传播模式。然而，对于合并感染的频率及其对野生鸟类种群的影响知之甚少。为了验证野生水鸟中禽流感病毒（AIV）自然感染是否与其他微生物的排泄有关，将73份AIV阳性样本（粪便和泄殖腔拭子）与73份具有相同采样特征的AIV阴性样本配对，并通过针对以下微生物的实时PCR进行检测：西尼罗河病毒、禽副黏病毒1、 属、 属、 亚种、 复合体和 属。在47.9%（35/73）的AIV阳性样本和23.3%（17/73）的AIV阴性样本中发现了同时检测到的情况（P = 0.003）。已发现 属和 属在AIV阳性样本中的流行率明显高于AIV阴性样本（分别为42.9% 对22.8%；P = 0.024和15.2% 对0.0%；P = 0.0015）。同时检测到的流行率在采样年份（P = 0.001）、宿主科（P = 0.002）、宿主物种（P = 0.003）、AIV亚型（P = 0.003）和样本类型（P = 0.009）之间存在显著差异。在所有AIV阳性样本的9.6%（7/73）中发现了多重同时检测（除AIV外检测到的微生物不止一种），占同时检测病例的20%（7/35）。相比之下，在AIV阴性样本中，我们从未检测到超过一种选定的微生物。这些结果表明，AIV检测与所监测微生物的检测相关。有必要对更大的野外样本集进行进一步研究或在实验条件下进行研究，以推断这些趋势中的因果关系。
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