Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2019 Oct;139:106509. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.023. Epub 2019 May 24.
Pseudoscorpiones, with nearly 3700 described species, are an ancient and globally distributed group of arachnids with a fossil record dating back to the Middle Devonian. Previous attempts to reconstruct their phylogenetic history have used morphology or a few amplicons, mostly of rRNAs and mitochondrial genes, which have not been able to completely resolve family-level relationships nor the earliest nodes in the pseudoscorpion tree-those which are most informative about the origins of key characters like venoms and silk. Here we undertake a phylogenetic approach using 41 pseudoscorpion transcriptomes and a series of analyses that account for many of the common pitfalls faced in large phylogenomic analyses. All analyses, using concatenation methods and coalescent approaches, supported monophyly of Iocheirata (the venomous pseudoscorpions), which diversified mostly during the Mesozoic, but paraphyly of Epiocheirata, with a sister group relationship of Feaelloidea to Iocheirata, with Chthonioidea as their sister group. These three main lineages were established during the mid-to-late Paleozoic. Our phylogenetic scheme is consistent with the prior hypothesis that the lack of venom in Pseudoscorpiones is plesiomorphic and not a synapomorphy of Epiocheirata. Based on the results of this study, a new classification is proposed for Pseudoscorpiones including the following new nomenclatural and taxonomic acts: the new suborders Palaeosphyronida Harvey and Atoposphyronida Harvey for Dracochelidae and Feaelloidea, respectively; the newly recognized superfamily Garypinoidea for Garypinidae and Larcidae; the revised rank for Lechytiidae and Tridenchthoniidae, which are regarded as subfamilies of Chthoniidae; the revised rank for Tridenchthoniini and Verrucadithini which are regarded as tribes of Tridenchthoniinae; and the elevation of Hesperolpiinae as a distinct family, Hesperolpiidae.
伪蝎目拥有近 3700 种已描述物种，是一种古老且分布广泛的蛛形纲动物，其化石记录可追溯到中泥盆世。先前尝试重建其系统发育历史的研究使用了形态学或少数扩增子，主要是 rRNA 和线粒体基因，但这些方法都不能完全解决科级别的关系，也不能解决伪蝎树中最早的节点，这些节点对于毒液和丝等关键特征的起源最具信息量。在这里，我们使用 41 种伪蝎转录组进行了系统发育分析，并采用了一系列分析方法，这些方法考虑到了在大型系统基因组分析中经常遇到的许多常见陷阱。所有分析，包括串联方法和合并方法，都支持 Iocheirata（有毒伪蝎）的单系性，该类群在中生代多样化最多，但 Epiocheirata 的并系性，Feaelloidea 与 Iocheirata 的姐妹群关系，而 Chthonioidea 是它们的姐妹群。这三个主要谱系是在古生代中期到晚期建立的。我们的系统发育方案与先前的假设一致，即伪蝎缺乏毒液是原始的，而不是 Epiocheirata 的并系特征。基于这项研究的结果，提出了一种新的伪蝎分类，包括以下新的命名法和分类学措施：为 Dracochelidae 和 Feaelloidea 分别设立新的亚目 Palaeosphyronida Harvey 和 Atoposphyronida Harvey；为 Garypinidae 和 Larcidae 新设立的超科 Garypinoidea；将 Lechytiidae 和 Tridenchthoniidae 的等级修订为 Chthoniidae 的亚科；将 Tridenchthoniini 和 Verrucadithini 的等级修订为 Tridenchthoniinae 的部落；以及将 Hesperolpiinae 提升为一个独特的科，即 Hesperolpiidae。
