Thalassemia and malignancy: An emerging concern?

The thalassemias constitute a variable group of anemias that result from autosomal recessive inherited defects in the production of hemoglobin. The life expectancy of thalassemia patients has been extended over the last decades as a result of key milestones being achieved in optimizing management with transfusion and iron chelation therapy. Such advances have prolonged the survival of thalassemia patients and improved their overall quality of life. However, this increase in life expectancy has led to the manifestation of several morbidities, including multiple types of solid and hematologic malignancies. In this review we report the different types of solid and hematological malignancies that can develop in thalassemia patients, in addition to the possible predisposing factors and mechanisms behind their development.