Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Nov 10;690:636-646. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.354. Epub 2019 Jun 24.
Publicly available chemical assessments of hydraulic fracturing related waters are generally based on shale gas practices in the U.S. There is a lack of information on hydraulic fracturing related gas development from EU countries and more generally on other types of extractions. This research fills this knowledge gap by presenting chemical and bioassay assessments of hydraulic fracturing related waters from a tight gas development in the Netherlands. Fracturing fluid, flowback water and groundwater from surrounding aquifers before and after the actual fracturing were analysed by means of high resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, the Ames test and three chemical activated luciferase gene expression bioassays aimed at determining genotoxicity, oxidative stress response and polyaromatic hydrocarbon contamination. After sample enrichment a higher number of peaks can be found in both fracturing fluid and flowback samples. No clear differences in chemical composition were shown in the groundwater samples before and after hydraulic fracturing. Preliminary environmental fate data of the tentatively identified chemicals points towards persistence in water. Clear genotoxic and oxidative stress responses were found in the fracturing fluid and flowback samples. A preliminary suspect screening resulted in 25 and 36 matches in positive and negative ionisation respectively with the 338 possible suspect candidates on the list. Extensive measures relating to the handling, transport and treatment of hydraulic fracturing related waters are currently in place within the Dutch context. The results of the present study provide a scientific justification for such measures taken to avoid adverse environmental and human health impacts.
公开的水力压裂相关水的化学评估通常基于美国的页岩气实践。关于欧盟国家以及更广泛的其他类型开采的水力压裂相关天然气开发，信息不足。本研究通过展示荷兰致密气开发中与水力压裂相关的水的化学和生物测定评估，填补了这一知识空白。通过高分辨率液相色谱串联质谱、Ames 试验和旨在确定遗传毒性、氧化应激反应和多环芳烃污染的三种化学激活荧光素酶基因表达生物测定，对压裂液、返排液和周围含水层的地下水进行了分析。在样品富集后，压裂液和返排液样品中可以发现更多的峰。水力压裂前后地下水样品的化学成分没有明显差异。暂定鉴定化学品的初步环境归宿数据表明其在水中具有持久性。压裂液和返排液样品中均发现明显的遗传毒性和氧化应激反应。初步嫌疑筛选分别在正离子和负离子中得到了 25 个和 36 个匹配，而候选清单上有 338 个可能的嫌疑候选物。目前在荷兰范围内广泛采取了与水力压裂相关水的处理、运输和处理有关的措施。本研究的结果为采取这些措施提供了科学依据，以避免对环境和人类健康产生不利影响。
